Shirley的计算机图形学经典教程第三版详解

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《计算机图形学基础第三版》是一本由Peter Shirley、Steve Marschner共同编著的经典教程，它隶属于专业领域中的图形学，适合初学者和专业人士深入理解计算机图形学的基础原理。该书由NVIDIA Corporation、Cornell University等机构支持，多位知名作者如Michael Ashikhmin、Michael Gleicher等人参与，共同确保了内容的权威性和深度。本书作为第三版，旨在提供一个全面而深刻的计算机图形学教育，涵盖了图形生成、图像处理、渲染技术、几何建模等多个关键领域。读者将学习到如何在计算机上模拟现实世界中的视觉效果，包括光线追踪、纹理映射、投影变换等核心概念。它不仅适合计算机科学、工程学专业的学生，也对游戏开发、动画制作、虚拟现实等相关行业从业人员具有重要参考价值。书中内容详实，包括理论阐述、实例分析和实践练习，帮助读者通过理论与实践相结合的方式掌握图形学的精髓。作者们对版权的尊重和严谨的态度体现在对所有引用材料的出处追踪以及版权持有者的致歉声明中，体现了学术出版物的专业精神。此外，电子版的国际标准书号(ISBN-13)为1-4398-6552-1，表明这是一本高质量的PDF电子书，便于读者随时随地查阅。《计算机图形学基础第三版》是任何希望在这个领域深入学习或从事相关工作的人不可多得的参考资料，无论是对基础知识的巩固还是对新技术的探索，都能提供强有力的支持。

2 1. Introduction

• Modeling deals with the mathematical speciﬁcation of shape and appear-

ance properties in a way that can be stored on the computer. For example,

a coffee mug might be described as a set of ordered 3D points along with

some interpolation rule to connect the points and a reﬂection model that

describes how light interacts with the mug.

• Rendering is a term inherited from art and deals with the creation of

shaded images from 3D computer models.

• Animation is a technique to create an illusion of motion through sequences

of images. Animation uses modeling and rendering but adds the key issue

of movement over time, which is not usually dealt with in basic modeling

and rendering.

There are many other areas that involve computer graphics, and whether they are

core graphics areas is a matter of opinion. These will all be at least touched on in

the text. Such related areas include the following:

• User interaction deals with the interface between input devices such as

mice and tablets, the application, feedback to the user in imagery, and

other sensory feedback. Historically, this area is associated with graph-

ics largely because graphics researchers had some of the earliest access to

the input/output devices that are now ubiquitous.

• Virtual reality attempts to immerse the user into a 3D virtual world. This

typically requires at least stereo graphics and response to head motion.

For true virtual reality, sound and force feedback should be provided as

well. Because this area requires advanced 3D graphics and advanced dis-

play technology, it is often closely associated with graphics.

• Visualization attempts to give users insight into complex information via

visual display. Often there are graphic issues to be addressed in a visualiza-

tion problem.

• Image processing deals with the manipulation of 2D images and is used in

both the ﬁelds of graphics and vision.

• 3D scanning uses range-ﬁndingtechnology to create measured 3D models.

Such models are useful for creating rich visual imagery, and the processing

of such models often requires graphics algorithms.

• Computational photography is the use of computer graphics, computer

vision, and image processing methods to enable new ways of photographi-

cally capturing objects, scenes, and environments.

1.2. Major Applications 3

1.2 Major Applications

Almost any endeavor can make some use of computer graphics, but the major

consumers of computer graphics technology include the following industries:

• Video games increasingly use sophisticated 3D models and rendering al-

gorithms.

• Cartoons are often rendered directly from 3D models. Many traditional

2D cartoons use backgrounds rendered from 3D models, which allows a

continuously moving viewpoint without huge amounts of artist time.

• Visual effects use almost all types of computer graphics technology. Al-

most every modern ﬁlm uses digital compositing to superimpose back-

grounds with separately ﬁlmed foregrounds. Many ﬁlms also use 3D mod-

eling and animation to create synthetic environments, objects, and even

characters that most viewers will never suspect are not real.

• Animated ﬁlms use many of the same techniques that are used for visual

effects, but without necessarily aiming for images that look real.

• CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design and computer-aided manu-

facturing.Theseﬁelds use computer technology to design parts and prod-

ucts on the computer and then, using these virtual designs, to guide the

manufacturing process. For example, many mechanical parts are designed

in a 3D computer modeling package and then automatically produced on a

computer-controlled milling device.

• Simulation can be thought of as accurate video gaming. For example, a

ﬂight simulator uses sophisticated 3D graphics to simulate the experience

of ﬂying an airplane. Such simulations can be extremely useful for initial

training in safety-critical domains such as driving, and for scenario training

for experienced users such as speciﬁc ﬁre-ﬁghting situations that are too

costly or dangerous to create physically.

• Medical imaging creates meaningful images of scanned patient data. For

example, a computed tomography (CT) dataset is composed of a large 3D

rectangular array of density values. Computer graphics is used to create

shaded images that help doctors extract the most salient information from

such data.

• Information visualization creates images of data that do not necessarily

have a “natural” visual depiction. For example, the temporal trend of the

4 1. Introduction

price of ten different stocks does not have an obvious visual depiction, but

clever graphing techniques can help humans see the patterns in such data.

1.3 Graphics APIs

A key part of using graphics libraries is dealing with a graphics API.Anapplica-

tion program interface (API) is a standard collection of functions to perform a set

of related operations, and a graphics API is a set of functions that perform basic

operations such as drawing images and 3D surfaces into windows on the screen.

Every graphics program needs to be able to use two related APIs: a graphics

API for visual output and a user-interface API to get input from the user. There

are currently two dominant paradigms for graphics and user-interface APIs. The

ﬁrst is the integrated approach, exempliﬁed by Java, where the graphics and user-

interface toolkits are integrated and portable packages that are fully standardized

and supported as part of the language. The second is represented by Direct3D

and OpenGL, where the drawing commands are part of a software library tied to

a language such as C++, and the user-interface software is an independent entity

that might vary from system to system. In this latter approach, it is problematic

to write portable code, although for simple programs it may be possible to use a

portable library layer to encapsulate the system speciﬁc user-interface code.

Whatever your choiceof API, the basic graphics calls will be largely the same,

and the concepts of this book will apply.

1.4 Graphics Pipeline

Every desktop computer today has a powerful 3D graphics pipeline. Thisisa

special software/hardware subsystem that efﬁciently draws 3D primitives in per-

spective. Usually these systems are optimized for processing 3D triangles with

shared vertices. The basic operations in the pipeline map the 3D vertex locations

to 2D screen positions and shade the triangles so that they both look realistic and

appear in proper back-to-front order.

Although drawing the triangles in valid back-to-front order was once the most

important research issue in computer graphics, it is now almost always solved

using the z-buffer, which uses a special memory buffer to solve the problem in a

brute-force manner.

It turns out that the geometric manipulation used in the graphics pipeline can

be accomplished almost entirely in a 4D coordinate space composed of three tra-

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