精通SPARQL 2.0：图书查询与更新教程

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《Learning SPARQL, 第二版》是一本关于知识图谱（KG）查询与更新的专业指南，由Bob DuCharme撰写。这本书是针对那些想要深入了解SPARQL（简单可扩展资源标记语言，SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language）的读者而编写的，SPARQL是用于在知识图谱中进行存储和检索的标准查询语言。该书主要关注于SPARQL 1.1版本的语法和应用，旨在帮助读者掌握如何有效地查询和更新大规模的知识库。在第二版中，作者提供了全面的教程，从基础知识入手，逐步深入到高级查询技巧。读者可以了解到如何构造有效的查询语句，如何利用SPARQL的功能进行复杂的图谱遍历、过滤、排序以及连接操作。此外，书中还包含了如何编写和调试查询，以及如何利用SPARQL的更新功能来维护和扩展知识图谱。该书的特点在于其实用性，不仅提供理论讲解，还包含了大量的实例和练习，帮助读者在实践中巩固所学知识。封面设计者 Randy Comer 和内部设计师 David Futato 负责了书籍的视觉呈现，使得阅读体验更加舒适。书中还有插图和图表，以便更好地解释复杂的概念。在出版信息方面，Learning SPARQL, Second Edition 由 O'Reilly Media 出版，享有2013年的版权。它可供教育、商业或销售推广使用，电子版也在 www.my.safaribooksonline.com 可获取。对于更多关于图书的修订历史、错误报告和详细发布信息，读者可以在 http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449371432 查找。《Learning SPARQL, 第二版》是一本不可或缺的参考资料，无论是对知识图谱开发者、数据科学家，还是希望扩展技能的IT专业人士来说，都是学习和掌握知识图谱查询技术的重要资源。通过这本书，读者将能够理解和掌握如何在日益重要的语义网环境中高效地工作。

and markup are shown in the same monospace font. Sometimes these include bolded

text to highlight important parts that the surrounding discussion refers to, like the

quoted string in the following:

# filename: ex001.rq

PREFIX d: <http://learningsparql.com/ns/demo#>

SELECT ?person

WHERE

{ ?person d:homeTel "(229) 276-5135" . }

When including punctuation at end of a quoted phrase, this book has it inside the

quotation marks in the American publishing style, “like this,” unless the quoted string

represents a specific value that would be changed if it included the punctuation. For

example, if your password on a system is “swordfish”, I don’t want you to think that

the comma is part of the password.

The following icons alert you to details that are worth a little extra attention:

An important point that might be easy to miss.

A tip that can make your development or your queries more efficient.

A warning about a common problem or an easy trap to fall into.

Using Code Examples

You’ll find a ZIP file of all of this book’s sample code and data files at http://www

.learningsparql.com, along with links to free SPARQL software and other resources.

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if this book includes code

examples, you may use the code in your programs and documentation. You do not

need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the

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does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from

O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and

quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount

of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require

permission.

xvi | Preface

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We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

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If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

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Preface | xvii

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The Data to Query

Chapter 2 describes more about RDF and all the things that people do with it, but to

summarize: RDF isn’t a data format, but a data model with a choice of syntaxes for

storing data files. In this data model, you express facts with three-part statements

known as triples. Each triple is like a little sentence that states a fact. We call the three

parts of the triple the subject, predicate, and object, but you can think of them as the

identifier of the thing being described (the “resource”; RDF stands for “Resource

Description Framework”), a property name, and a property value:

subject (resource identifier) predicate (property name) object (property value)

richard homeTel (229) 276-5135

cindy email cindym@gmail.com

The ex002.ttl file below has some triples expressed using the Turtle RDF format. (We’ll

learn about Turtle and other formats in Chapter 2.) This file stores address book data

using triples that make statements such as “richard’s homeTel value is (229) 276-5135”

and “cindy’s email value is cindym@gmail.com.” RDF has no problem with assigning

multiple values for a given property to a given resource, as you can see in this file, which

shows that Craig has two email addresses:

# filename: ex002.ttl

@prefix ab: <http://learningsparql.com/ns/addressbook#> .

ab:richard ab:homeTel "(229) 276-5135" .

ab:richard ab:email "richard49@hotmail.com" .

ab:cindy ab:homeTel "(245) 646-5488" .

ab:cindy ab:email "cindym@gmail.com" .

ab:craig ab:homeTel "(194) 966-1505" .

ab:craig ab:email "craigellis@yahoo.com" .

ab:craig ab:email "c.ellis@usairwaysgroup.com" .

Like a sentence written in English, Turtle (and SPARQL) triples usually end with a

period. The spaces you see before the periods above are not necessary, but are a com-

mon practice to make the data easier to read. As we’ll see when we learn about the use

of semicolons and commas to write more concise datasets, an extra space is often added

before these as well.

Comments in Turtle data and SPARQL queries begin with the hash

(#) symbol. Each query and sample data file in this book begins with a

comment showing the file’s name so that you can easily find it in the

ZIP file of the book’s sample data.

2 | Chapter 1: Jumping Right In: Some Data and Some Queries

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精通SPARQL 2.0：图书查询与更新教程

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