C++第八版入门:从控制结构到对象

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"《Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects》第八版是Tony Gaddis撰写的一本关于C++编程的入门教材,涵盖了从控制结构到对象的全面内容。" 该书是C++编程学习的经典教程,针对初学者设计,旨在帮助读者从基础开始逐步掌握C++编程语言的核心概念和技巧。第八版更新了相关知识,以适应当前的编程环境和技术发展。书中的内容通常包括以下几个方面: 1. **控制结构**:首先介绍C++的基本语法,如变量、数据类型、运算符以及控制流语句(如条件语句if/else,循环语句for、while和do-while),这些是所有程序设计的基础。 2. **函数**:讲解如何定义和使用函数,包括函数参数、返回值以及函数重载,使读者理解如何组织代码并实现代码复用。 3. **数组与指针**:深入探讨数组,包括一维和多维数组,以及指针的概念,如何使用指针操作内存,理解和使用动态内存分配。 4. **结构体与联合**:介绍C++中的结构体和联合,这是组合复杂数据类型的方式,有助于理解更高级的数据结构。 5. **类与对象**:引入面向对象编程的基础,解释类的概念,包括成员变量和成员函数,以及构造函数和析构函数的作用。同时,讨论对象的创建、初始化和操作。 6. **继承与多态**:深入讲解面向对象的两大特性,继承允许创建派生类,多态则提供了一种灵活的设计和编码方式,包括虚函数和抽象类的概念。 7. **输入/输出流**:介绍iostream库,包括cin和cout的使用,以及文件输入输出流,让读者学会与用户交互和处理文件数据。 8. **异常处理**:教授如何在代码中捕获和处理错误,通过try-catch机制来增强程序的健壮性。 9. **标准模板库(STL)**:介绍C++的标准模板库,包括容器(如vector、list、set等)、迭代器、算法和函数对象,这些都是现代C++编程的必备工具。 在学习过程中,作者Tony Gaddis可能会通过丰富的实例和练习题帮助读者巩固理论知识,提高实践能力。书中的例子通常会逐步展开,先展示基本概念,然后逐步添加复杂性,以帮助读者逐步建立对C++的理解。此外,书中还可能包含一些编程挑战,鼓励读者独立思考并解决实际问题。 《Starting Out with C++ from Control Structures to Objects》是一本适合初学者的全面教程,旨在引导读者从零开始,逐步掌握C++编程,直至能够熟练地运用面向对象编程技术进行软件开发。

The starting configuration of this puzzle is a row of cells, with disks located on cells through . The goal is to move the disks to the end of the row using a constrained set of actions. At each step, a disk can only be moved to an adjacent empty cell, or to an empty cell two spaces away if another disk is located on the intervening square. Given these restrictions, it can be seen that in many cases, no movements will be possible for the majority of the disks. For example, from the starting position, the only two options are to move the last disk from cell to cell , or to move the second-to-last disk from cell to cell . 1. [15 points] Write a function solve_identical_disks(length, n) that returns an optimal solution to the above problem as a list of moves, where length is the number of cells in the row and n is the number of disks. Each move in the solution should be a twoelement tuple of the form (from, to) indicating a disk movement from the cell from to the cell to. As suggested by its name, this function should treat all disks as being identical. Your solver for this problem should be implemented using a breadth-first graph search. The exact solution produced is not important, as long as it is of minimal length. Unlike in the previous two sections, no requirement is made with regards to the manner in which puzzle configurations are represented. Before you begin, think carefully about which data structures might be best suited for the problem, as this choice may affect the efficiency of your search

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