hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most
influential software giants in the world.
The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,
which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API
that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-
function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within
graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this
book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware
processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but
since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved
to a point where they have become the star of the API.
In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few
properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so
forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of
that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in
mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-
function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas
shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem
desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and
set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than
one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion
blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.
Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not
using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders
have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without
shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember
these times well and do not miss them.
Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that
takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level
surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and
combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before
shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such
as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was
impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was
What Is DirectX? 3
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