0HAL Id：tel-036442760https://theses.hal.science/tel-036442760提交日期：2022年4月19日0HAL是一个多学科的开放获取档案库，用于存储和传播科学研究文献，无论其是否发表。这些文献可以来自法国或国外的教育和研究机构，或者来自公共或私人研究中心。0HAL多学科开放获取档案库，旨在存储和传播法国或国外的研究和非研究级科学文献，来自法国或国外的教育和研究机构，公共或私人实验室。0为物联网平台的区块链和智能合约操作设计特定的低功耗架构0Roland Kromes0引用此版本：0RolandKromes。为物联网平台的区块链和智能合约操作设计特定的低功耗架构。电子学。科特迪瓦大学，2021年。英文。�NNT：2021COAZ4105�。�tel-03644276�0为物联网平台的区块链和智能合约访问设计特0物联网平台的智能合约0Roland Kromes0电子、天线和通信实验室（LEAT）0为了获得法国科特迪瓦大学电子学博士学位而提交0导师：FrançoisVerdier博士，教授0答辩日期：2021年12月8日0在由以下成员组成的评委会面前：Jean-ChristophePrévotet博士，教授，雷恩高级应用学院；PascalLafourcade博士，副教授，克莱蒙费朗大学；AbdoulayeGamatié博士，CNRS研究主任，蒙彼利埃大学LIRMM；ChristineHennebert博士，研究员，CEA LETI；ParisaGhodous博士，教授，里昂第一大学；Xing Liu博士，昆特兰理工大学；PatriciaGuitton-Ouhamou博士，雷诺；François Verdier博士，教授，科特迪瓦大学0博士论文0为物联网平台的区块链和智能合约设计低功耗特定架构0为物联网平台的区块链和智能合约操作设计特定的低功耗架构0评委会主席0• Abdoulaye Gamatié博士，CNRS研究主任，蒙彼利埃大学LIRMM0审稿人0• Jean-Christophe Prévotet博士，教授，雷恩高级应用学院0• Pascal Lafourcade博士，副教授，克莱蒙费朗大学0考官0• Parisa Ghodous博士，教授，里昂第一大学0• Christine Hennebert博士，研究员，CEA LETI0• François Verdier博士，教授，科特迪瓦大学0嘉宾0• Xing Liu博士，高级教员，昆特兰理工大学0• Patricia Guitton-Ouhamou博士，雷诺0iii0ivv0简历0如今，许多物联网应用已成为人们、行业和现代生态系统生活中不可或缺的一部分。大多数物联网应用基于集中式系统，其中系统中的所有参与者都必须依赖于一个中央实体。在这样的系统中，数据的不可变性、可追溯性和透明性无法得到保证。区块链技术是一个完全去中心化的系统，其中信任第三方（中央实体）被消除。该技术的特点是一旦数据被部署到其中，就无法修改或从系统中删除。与集中式系统不同，区块链确保数据的可追溯性和透明性。大多数现代区块链还允许部署智能合约，这是一种可以被所有参与者阅读并根据区块链上的事件自动执行的数字程序。区块链技术的优势特点表明，将物联网与区块链技术整合具有明显的价值。本论文的贡献研究了物联网与区块链技术的整合可能性。贡献的主要部分之一是开发一种专门用于低功耗的物联网硬件架构模型，该模型可以与多种类型的区块链进行通信。该架构模型由在QEMU上模拟的基于ARM的CPU和在SystemC-TLM高级硬件描述语言中建模的硬件加速器组成。在架构顶部运行Linux操作系统（OS）。由于在Linux上运行的API无法直接访问硬件IP（知识产权），因此需要开发专用的设备驱动程序。专用设备驱动程序和SystemC TLMPwClkARCH库被用于实现架构的能量管理，以优化在执行给定的区块链API时架构的整体能量消耗。本论文还提供了使用C++编写的不同区块链API（以太坊、HyperledgerSawtooth），包括该区块链的所有要求，例如ABI编码、交易结构和密码学原语。贡献的结果表明，通过加速硬件执行椭圆曲线上的点乘运算，可以显著降低整体能量消耗。结果还表明，当交易有效负载的大小增加时，使用硬件哈希加速器来减少整体能量消耗并加速给定API的执行是有意义的。Mots clésBlockchain; IoT; LowPower; Modélisation de haut niveau des SoCsviAbstractNowadays, numerous IoT applications have become an essential part of people’s lives, industries, and modern ecosystems. Most IoT applications are based on a centralized systemin which all of the system participants have to rely on a central entity. In such a system, dataimmutability, data traceability, and transparency cannot be provided.Blockchain technology is an entirely decentralized system in which the third trusted party(central entity) is removed. The particularity of this technology is that it provides that oncedata is deployed on it, it cannot be modified or removed from the system. Contrarily tocentralized systems, blockchain provides data traceability and transparency. Most modern blockchains also allow the deployment of smart contracts, which are digital programsthat can be read by all participants and executed automatically according to an event on theblockchain.The advantageous features of blockchain technology show a clear interest in the integration of IoT with blockchain technology.This thesis contribution studies the integration possibilities of IoT with blockchain technology. One of the main parts of the contributions is developing a model of dedicated lowpowerconsumption IoT hardware architecture that enables communication with multipletypes of blockchains. The architecture model is composed of an ARMbased CPU emulatedon QEMU and cryptographic hardware accelerator designs modeled in SystemC TLM highlevel hardware description language. A Linux Operating System (OS) is executed on top ofthe architecture. The development of dedicated Linux Kernel device drivers was requiredbecause the AIPs executed on Linux can not directly access given hardware IPs (IntellectualProperties).Dedicated device drivers and PwClkARCH SystemC TLM library were used to implement the architecture’s power management to optimize the architecture’s overall energy consumption when a given blockchain API is executed.This work also proposes different blockchain APIs (Ethereum, Hyperledger Sawtooth)written in C++, including all the requirements of the given blockchain, e.g., ABI encoding,transaction structure, and cryptographic primitives.The contribution results represent that a significant reduction of the overall energy consumption can be achieved when the elliptic curve point multiplication operation is hardwareaccelerated. The results also show that when the payload size of the transaction increases,it is worth using hash hardware accelerators to decrease the overall energy consumption andaccelerate the given API’s execution.KeywordsBlockchain; IoT; LowPower; High Level Modelling of SoCsviiviiiAbstract“ You see, one thing is, I can live with doubt and uncertaintyand not knowing. I think it’s much more interesting to live notknowing than to have answers which might be wrong.”Richard P. Feynman.ixxAcknowledgementsFirst of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Professor François Verdier, whoalways gave me suggestions, motivation and help to progress. Since my first year at the university, Professor Verdier has taught me, and he has also shown me the beauty of science.After two internships and three years of doctoral studies with him, I can proudly announcethat I have found in his person a researcher, a teacher, a good friend and an honorable ”spiritual father”. I sincerely hope that our research collaboration and friendship will not end afterI leave the laboratory.Secondly, I would like to thank my family, especially my mother, who has always beenby my side in good and bad times. Thank you, Mom and Charly, for believing in me andhelping me get to this point. Without your care and love, it would have been impossible forme to complete my university education and have the opportunity to defend my doctorate. Iwould like to thank the Kromes family, on whom I can always count, thanks to uncle Gaborand his wife Ildi, and my cousins Klaudia and Gabor. And finally, I would like to thank mygrandparents Mariann and Richard for their infinite love and trust. I will never forget you!I would like to thank my thesis defense jury: Pascal Lafourcade, JeanChristophe Prévotet,Abdoulaye Gamatié, Parisa Ghodous, Christine Hennebert, Xing Liu and Patricia GuittonOuhamou.I would like to thank the EDGE team, and in particular the blockchain team Luc Gerrits,Cyril Naves, Edouard Kilimou, and François Verdier.During my years of research in the LEAT lab, I found not only answers to scientificquestions, but also good friends. Thanks guys for supporting me and sharing good momentsand fun with each other. Lyes Khacef and his sincere friendship, I couldn’t be more grateful.Thank you, Luc Gerrits, program addict and great friend with whom I was able to publishseveral articles. Thanks to Marta Ballatore, who helped me understand the management andacceptability aspects of blockchain technology and who has become a good friend of mine.Thank you Marino Rasamuel, you are the worst and best colleague in the office. I had toomuch fun in our office during these years. I want to thank my friends who always made mehappy in bad times, Attila Nagy, Mark Benjamin Thurzo, Szilvia Somogyi, Mircea Moscu,Diana Resmerita, Edgar Lemaire, Flora Zidane, Luca Santamaria, Ahmed Oualha, YacineKhacef, Katarzyna Tomasiak, Rémi Garcia, Cyril Naves and Yassine Chouchane. I hope Ihaven’t forgotten anyone.I would also like to thank all the teachers at the university, high school, and school forgiving me a solid foundation of scientific knowledge. A special thanks to DS4H (DigitalSystem For Humans) Graduate School and Research for funding my thesis.Finally, I would like to thank the motivation provided by my favorite bands, Pink Floyd,the Rolling Stones, the Nigun Quartet, Hugh Laurie and Marcus Miller.xixiixiii0作者的出版物列表0相关的国际会议论文0• R. Kromes , L. Gerrits and F. Verdier, 嵌入式架构的适应性以运行HyperledgerSawtooth应用程序,2019年IEEE第10届年度信息技术、电子和移动通信会议(IEMCON), 加拿大温哥华,2019年, pp. 0409-0415.0• R. Kromes , F. Verdier, 用于执行区块链和智能合约应用的物联网设备硬件建模,第16届ACS/IEEE国际计算机系统与应用会议AICCSA 2019, ACS/IEEE, 2019年11月,阿布扎比, 阿拉伯联合酋长国.0• L. Gerrits, R. Kromes , F. Verdier, 基于物联网和区块链的真正分散式实现:一个车辆事故案例, COINS 2020 - IEEE国际全能智能系统会议, 2020年9月,西班牙马德里.0• L. Gerrits, E. Kilimou R. Kromes , L. Faure, F. Verdier,一种用于工业物联网案例的区块链云架构部署, COINS 2021 -IEEE国际全能智能系统会议, 2021年9月, 西班牙马德里.0相关的国家会议论文0• R. Kromes , F. Verdier, 一种用于智能合约应用的物联网硬件建模, 第13届GDRSOC2国家研讨会, 2019年6月, 法国蒙彼利埃.0• L. Gerrits, R. Kromes , T. Kilimou, F. Verdier,用于物联网-区块链生态系统的Hyperledger Sawtooth区块链, 第15届GDRSOC2国家研讨会, 2021年6月, 法国雷恩.0无关的国际会议论文0• R. Kromes , A. Russo, B. Miramond, F. Verdier,通过使用基于人工神经网络的应用程序在LoRaWAN传感器网络上实现能耗最小化,2019年传感器应用研讨会, 2019年3月, 法国Sophia-Antipolis, pp.1-6.xiv0目录0摘要 vii0致谢 xi0作者的出版物列表 xiii0图目录 xix0表目录 xxiii01 引言 101.1 背景 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.2 物联网和区块链技术 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.1 物联网的定义 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.2 区块链的定义 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.2.3 共识规则的定义 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.2.4 智能合约的定义 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.2.5 区块链-物联网应用中的挑战 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.3 物联网架构建模用于区块链应用 . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.3.1 专用物联网架构的要求 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.3.2 方法论、建模和仿真 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701.4 物联网-区块链领域的重要密码基元 . . . . . . . . . . . 801.4.1 密码哈希 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801.4.2 椭圆曲线数字签名算法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801.5 智能物联网移动性项目 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901.5.1 管理-电子学多学科方面 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001.6 毕业论文的目标 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001.7 论文结构...............................................................................1102 物联网与区块链的整合.................................................................1302.1 引言....................................................................................1302 区块链....................................................................................1402.2.1 区块链的结构........................................................................1602.2.2 智能合约-区块链2.0.................................................................2102.2.3 区块链类型...........................................................................2402.2.4 区块链和DAG技术的区别..............................................................2502.3 将物联网与区块链整合的离线和在线方法.................................................2702.3.1 在链上方法-物联网领域相关工作.....................................................290xvi0目录.........................................................................................02.3.2 离线方法-物联网领域相关工作.....................................................3202.3.3 离线方法-汽车领域相关工作.........................................................3802.4 结论....................................................................................4303 选择在离线结构中使用的区块链...........................................................4503.1 引言....................................................................................4503.2 物联网API的理想区块链需求...........................................................4503.3 以太坊..................................................................................4603.3.1 智能合约...............................................................................4703.3.2 交易内容和交易流程.................................................................4803.4 Hyperledger Sawtooth.................................................................5003.4.1 智能合约（交易处理器）..........................................................5203.4.2 交易内容和交易流程.................................................................5303.5 EOS.IO................................................................................5603.5.1 智能合约...............................................................................5603.5.2 交易内容和流程....................................................................5703.6 Substrate.................................................................................5803.6.1 智能合约...............................................................................5903.6.2 交易内容和流程....................................................................5903.7 离线方法中的C++区块链API...........................................................6003.7.1 简单交易发送..........................................................................6003.7.1.1 以太坊...............................................................................6103.7.1.2 Hyperledger Sawtooth..............................................................6703.7.1.3 EOS.IO...............................................................................6903.7.1.4 Substrate.............................................................................7103.7.1.5 结论...............................................................................7103.7.2 车祸案例...........................................................................7203.7.2.1 描述...............................................................................7203.7.2.2 将交易大小发送到区块链的重要性..........................................7303.7.2.3 结论...............................................................................7403.8 优化区块链中快速增长的数据大小............................................7403.8.1 引言和挑战 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7503.8.2 通过将Hyperledger Sawtooth与IPFS分布式账本技术和物联网相结合的提议解决方案 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7603.8.2.1 结论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7903.9 结论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8004 区块链和物联网-区块链结构中的基本密码原语 8304.1 引言 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8304.2 椭圆曲线密码学和数字签名 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8404.2.1 引言：“经典”离散对数问题 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8404.2.2 椭圆曲线密码学 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8504.2.2.1 椭圆曲线离散对数问题（ECDLP） . . . 8604.2.3 ECDSA - 签名 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8704.2.3.1 secp256k1椭圆曲线 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88xvii0目录04.2.4 EdDSA和其他Schnorr类算法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8804.2.4.1 Schnorr - 签名 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8904.2.4.2 Ed25519签名算法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8904.2.4.3 edwards25519椭圆曲线 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9004.2.5 用于ECPM的硬件实现 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9104.2.6 ECPM硬件设计的讨论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9404.2.7 结论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9604.3 哈希函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9704.3.1 哈希算法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9904.3.2 哈希算法的硬件实现 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10104.3.3 结论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10404.4 结论 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10405 开发专用于区块链应用的物联网架构模型 107 5.1 引言 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 10705.2 选择的用于建模架构的软件工具 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10805.2.1 SystemC-TLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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