vulkan 第一个三角形

下面是使用Vulkan API绘制第一个三角形的基本步骤：

1. 初始化Vulkan API并创建一个实例。
2. 获取物理设备和队列族，并选择适合的设备和队列族。
3. 创建逻辑设备，包括需要的扩展和所需的队列族。
4. 创建交换链，以便在窗口或屏幕上呈现结果。
5. 创建渲染通道和帧缓冲。
6. 创建着色器模块和管线布局。
7. 创建缓冲区和顶点缓冲区。
8. 创建描述符池、描述符集和描述符布局。
9. 创建命令池和命令缓冲区。
10. 开始绘制三角形。这涉及到：

a. 将顶点数据复制到顶点缓冲区中。
b. 创建顶点缓冲区绑定描述符。
c. 在命令缓冲区中开始记录命令。
d. 绑定管线对象。
e. 绑定顶点缓冲区。
f. 执行绘制命令。
g. 结束命令缓冲区的记录。
h. 提交命令缓冲区以进行渲染。

以上是绘制第一个三角形的基本步骤，可以根据需要进行修改和优化。

相关问题

vulkan 绘制三角形

要使用Vulkan绘制一个三角形，需要经过以下步骤：

1. 创建一个Vulkan实例
2. 创建一个逻辑设备
3. 创建一个窗口表面
4. 创建一个交换链
5. 创建渲染通道和帧缓冲区
6. 创建着色器模块
7. 创建管线布局和管线
8. 分配顶点缓冲区
9. 开始绘制

下面是一个简单的示例代码，用于绘制一个三角形：

// 顶点数据
std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
    { { 0.0f, -0.5f },{ 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } },
    { { 0.5f, 0.5f },{ 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f } },
    { { -0.5f, 0.5f },{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } }
};

// 创建顶点缓冲区
VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
createBuffer(sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size(), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

// 在CPU上填充顶点缓冲区
void* data;
vkMapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, 0, sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size(), 0, &data);
memcpy(data, vertices.data(), sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size());
vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory);

// 创建渲染通道和帧缓冲区
VkRenderPass renderPass;
createRenderPass(renderPass);

VkFramebuffer framebuffer;
createFramebuffer(framebuffer);

// 创建着色器模块
VkShaderModule vertShaderModule;
VkShaderModule fragShaderModule;
createShaderModule("vert.spv", vertShaderModule);
createShaderModule("frag.spv", fragShaderModule);

// 创建管线布局和管线
VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
VkPipeline pipeline;
createPipelineLayout(pipelineLayout);
createPipeline(pipeline, pipelineLayout, renderPass, vertShaderModule, fragShaderModule);

// 开始绘制
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
VkClearValue clearColor = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO };
renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
renderPassInfo.framebuffer = framebuffer;
renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);
VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);
vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);
endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);

这段代码中，我们首先创建一个包含三个顶点的顶点缓冲区，然后使用着色器模块、管线布局和管线来定义如何渲染这些顶点。最后，我们通过调用`vkCmdDraw`函数来绘制三角形。

用vulkan写一个渲染管线

下面是一个简单的使用Vulkan API编写渲染管线的示例代码：

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    // 初始化Vulkan实例
    VkInstance instance;
    VkInstanceCreateInfo instanceCreateInfo = {};
    instanceCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    vkCreateInstance(&instanceCreateInfo, nullptr, &instance);

    // 获取Vulkan设备列表
    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physicalDevices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, physicalDevices.data());

    // 选择第一个物理设备
    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = physicalDevices[0];

    // 获取设备属性
    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &deviceProperties);

    // 创建设备
    VkDevice device;
    VkDeviceCreateInfo deviceCreateInfo = {};
    deviceCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
    vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &deviceCreateInfo, nullptr, &device);

    // 获取队列族索引
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndex = 0;
    VkQueueFamilyProperties queueFamilyProperties;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(physicalDevice, &queueFamilyCount, &queueFamilyProperties);
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queueFamilyCount; i++) {
        if (queueFamilyProperties[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
            queueFamilyIndex = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    // 创建命令池
    VkCommandPool commandPool;
    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo commandPoolCreateInfo = {};
    commandPoolCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
    commandPoolCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex;
    vkCreateCommandPool(device, &commandPoolCreateInfo, nullptr, &commandPool);

    // 创建渲染管线
    VkShaderModule vertexShaderModule;
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo vertexShaderCreateInfo = {};
    // 加载顶点着色器GLSL代码
    vertexShaderCreateInfo.codeSize = sizeof(vertexShaderCode);
    vertexShaderCreateInfo.pCode = vertexShaderCode;
    vkCreateShaderModule(device, &vertexShaderCreateInfo, nullptr, &vertexShaderModule);

    VkShaderModule fragmentShaderModule;
    VkShaderModuleCreateInfo fragmentShaderCreateInfo = {};
    // 加载片段着色器GLSL代码
    fragmentShaderCreateInfo.codeSize = sizeof(fragmentShaderCode);
    fragmentShaderCreateInfo.pCode = fragmentShaderCode;
    vkCreateShaderModule(device, &fragmentShaderCreateInfo, nullptr, &fragmentShaderModule);

    VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[2] = {};
    shaderStages[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    shaderStages[0].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
    shaderStages[0].module = vertexShaderModule;
    shaderStages[0].pName = "main";

    shaderStages[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
    shaderStages[1].stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
    shaderStages[1].module = fragmentShaderModule;
    shaderStages[1].pName = "main";

    VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputCreateInfo = {};
    vertexInputCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

    VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyCreateInfo = {};
    inputAssemblyCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    inputAssemblyCreateInfo.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;

    VkViewport viewport = {};
    viewport.x = 0.0f;
    viewport.y = 0.0f;
    viewport.width = WIDTH;
    viewport.height = HEIGHT;
    viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

    VkRect2D scissor = {};
    scissor.offset = {0, 0};
    scissor.extent = {WIDTH, HEIGHT};

    VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportCreateInfo = {};
    viewportCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    viewportCreateInfo.viewportCount = 1;
    viewportCreateInfo.pViewports = &viewport;
    viewportCreateInfo.scissorCount = 1;
    viewportCreateInfo.pScissors = &scissor;

    VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizationCreateInfo = {};
    rasterizationCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    rasterizationCreateInfo.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
    rasterizationCreateInfo.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
    rasterizationCreateInfo.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
    rasterizationCreateInfo.lineWidth = 1.0f;

    VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampleCreateInfo = {};
    multisampleCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    multisampleCreateInfo.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
    colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
    colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

    VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendCreateInfo = {};
    colorBlendCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
    colorBlendCreateInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
    colorBlendCreateInfo.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;

    VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
    VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutCreateInfo = {};
    pipelineLayoutCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
    vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout);

    VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineCreateInfo = {};
    pipelineCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
    pipelineCreateInfo.stageCount = 2;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pViewportState = &viewportCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendCreateInfo;
    pipelineCreateInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
    pipelineCreateInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
    vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline);

    // 渲染
    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo commandBufferAllocateInfo = {};
    commandBufferAllocateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    commandBufferAllocateInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    commandBufferAllocateInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    commandBufferAllocateInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &commandBufferAllocateInfo, &commandBuffer);

    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo commandBufferBeginInfo = {};
    commandBufferBeginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
    vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &commandBufferBeginInfo);

    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassBeginInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
    vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipeline);
    vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
    vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

    vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

    // 释放资源
    vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
    vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertexShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragmentShaderModule, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    return 0;
}

需要注意的是，上述示例代码仅仅是一个简单的渲染管线，实际应用中还需要添加更多的细节和逻辑，例如纹理加载、深度测试、光照等。