import torch.autograd as autograd

时间: 2023-08-19 14:58:34 浏览: 56
The `torch.autograd` module in PyTorch provides classes and functions for automatic differentiation. It allows you to compute gradients of tensors with respect to other tensors, which is essential for training neural networks using techniques like backpropagation. To use `torch.autograd`, you typically import it as `autograd`: ```python import torch.autograd as autograd ``` Some commonly used classes and functions from `autograd` include: - `Variable`: This class is deprecated in recent versions of PyTorch. You can directly work with tensors and enable gradient computation using the `requires_grad=True` flag. - `grad`: This function computes the gradients of tensors with respect to other tensors. - `backward`: This function computes the gradients for all tensors involved in a computation graph, starting from a scalar value. - `Function`: This class is used to define custom autograd functions for operations that are not natively supported by PyTorch. These are just a few examples of what you can do with `torch.autograd`. It provides a powerful mechanism for automatic differentiation in PyTorch.

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Pytorch在NLP中的简单应用详解

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from torch.autograd import Variable

However, I can provide you with information about the torch.autograd.Variable function in PyTorch. torch.autograd.Variable is a class that holds a tensor and its gradient. It is a fundamental ...

import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim as optim from torch.autograd import Variable 这一段中所有的torch都报错，是不是因为我pytouch 没有连接？请解决

from torch.autograd import Variable 如果你仍然遇到错误，请检查你的环境设置和安装过程，确保你按照官方文档正确安装了PyTorch。 如果你仍然遇到问题，请提供更多错误信息和相关代码的上下文，以便我...

基于torch.autograd.Function，实现一个torch.nn.linear功能

好的，以下是基于torch.autograd.Function实现torch.nn.Linear功能的示例代码： python import torch from torch.autograd import Function class LinearFunction(Function): @staticmethod def forward...

实现一个Linear层(torch.nn.Linear)功能，分别基于torch.nn.Module和torch.autograd.Function

好的，下面分别给出基于torch.nn.Module和torch.autograd.Function的实现示例。 基于torch.nn.Module的实现示例： python import torch import torch.nn as nn class LinearLayer(nn.Module): def __...

import os import datetime import torch import torchvision from torch import nn import torch.nn.functional as F from torch.autograd import Variable from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import transforms from torchvision.utils import save_image from torchvision.datasets import MNIST

- torch：PyTorch的核心库，提供了张量操作、自动微分、神经网络等功能。 - torchvision：PyTorch的图像处理库，提供了常用的图像数据集和变换函数。 - nn：PyTorch的神经网络模块，提供了常用的层和优化器。 - F：...

import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim import torch from torch.autograd import Variable # 线性回归模型定义 class LinearRegression(nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(LinearRegression, self).__init__() self.linear = nn.Linear(2, 3) def forward(self, x): out = self.linear(x) return out model = LinearRegression() # 声明一个 SGD 优化器 optimizer， 按要求设置 lr 的值 ########## Begin ########## ########## End ########## # 按照格式输出optimizer.param_groups的长度 print("The len of param_groups list:",len(optimizer.param_groups)) # 按照格式输出linear层的lr print("linear's lr:",optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'])

import torch.nn as nn import torch.optim import torch from torch.autograd import Variable # 线性回归模型定义 class LinearRegression(nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(LinearRegression, ...

解释这段代码 import os os.environ['KMP_DUPLICATE_LIB_OK']='TRUE' import time import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import torch import torch.nn as nn #该包包含模块，可扩展和构建神经网络所需的全部组件 import torch.nn.functional as F # optim中定义了各种各样的优化方法，包括SGD import torch.optim as optim import torchvision import torchvision.transforms as transforms

- torch：PyTorch的核心库，提供了张量（Tensor）和自动求导（Autograd）等功能。 - torch.nn：PyTorch中用于定义神经网络的模块，包括各种层和损失函数等。 - torch.nn.functional：PyTorch中的一些常用函数...

#encoding=utf8 import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.autograd import Variable import torch.utils.data as Data import torchvision import os if os.path.exists('/data/workspace/course/step3/cnn.pkl'): os.remove('/data/workspace/course/step3/cnn.pkl') #加载数据 train_data = torchvision.datasets.MNIST( root='/data/workspace/course/step3/mnist', train=True, # this is training data transform=torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(), # Converts a PIL.Image or numpy.ndarray to download=False, ) #取6000个样本为训练集 train_data_tiny = [] for i in range(6000): train_data_tiny.append(train_data[i]) train_data = train_data_tiny #********* Begin *********# #********* End *********# #保存模型 torch.save(cnn.state_dict(), '/data/workspace/course/step3/cnn.pkl') 帮我补全Begin-End区域代码，实现使用pytorch搭建出卷积神经网络模型，再对模型进行训练

from torch.autograd import Variable import torch.utils.data as Data import torchvision import os class CNN(nn.Module): def __init__(self): super(CNN, self).__init__() self.conv1 = nn....

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Fri Mar 5 19:13:21 2021 @author: LXM """ import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.autograd import Function class UpdateRange(nn.Module): def __init__(self, device): super(UpdateRange, self).__init__() self.device = device self.flag = 0 self.fmin = torch.zeros((1), dtype = torch.float32, device = self.device) self.fmax = torch.zeros((1), dtype = torch.float32, device = self.device) def Update(self, fmin, fmax): if self.flag == 0: self.flag = 1 new_fmin = fmin new_fmax = fmax else: new_fmin = torch.min(fmin, self.fmin) new_fmax = torch.max(fmax, self.fmax) self.fmin.copy_(new_fmin) self.fmax.copy_(new_fmax) @torch.no_grad() def forward(self, input): fmin = torch.min(input) fmax = torch.max(input) self.Update(fmin, fmax) class Round(Function): @staticmethod def forward(self, input): # output = torch.round(input) # output = torch.floor(input) output = input.int().float() return output @staticmethod def backward(self, output): input = output.clone() return input class Quantizer(nn.Module): def __init__(self, bits, device): super(Quantizer, self).__init__() self.bits = bits self.scale = 1 self.UpdateRange = UpdateRange(device) self.qmin = torch.tensor((-((1 << (bits - 1)) - 1)), device = device) self.qmax = torch.tensor((+((1 << (bits - 1)) - 1)), device = device) def round(self, input): output = Round.apply(input) return output def Quantization(self): quant_range = float(1 << (self.bits - 1)) float_range = torch.max(torch.abs(self.UpdateRange.fmin), torch.abs(self.UpdateRange.fmax)) scale = 1 for i in range(32): if torch.round(float_range * (1 << i)) < quant_range: scale = 1 << i else: break self.scale = scale def forward(self, input): if self.training: self.UpdateRange(input) self.Quantization() output = (torch.clamp(self.round(input * self.scale), self.qmin, self.qmax)) / self.scale return output

Round类是一个自定义的torch.autograd.Function，用于将输入数据四舍五入为整数。 Quantizer类是一个量化器模块，它接收一个bits参数，用于指定量化的位数。在前向传播过程中，它首先使用UpdateRange类更新输入数据...

import torch import torch.nn as nn import numpy as np import torch.nn.functional as F import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from torch.autograd import Variable x=torch.tensor(np.array([[i] for i in range(10)]),dtype=torch.float32) y=torch.tensor(np.array([[i**2] for i in range(10)]),dtype=torch.float32) #print(x,y) x,y=(Variable(x),Variable(y))#将tensor包装一个可求导的变量 print(type(x)) net=torch.nn.Sequential( nn.Linear(1,10,dtype=torch.float32),#隐藏层线性输出 torch.nn.ReLU(),#激活函数 nn.Linear(10,20,dtype=torch.float32),#隐藏层线性输出 torch.nn.ReLU(),#激活函数 nn.Linear(20,1,dtype=torch.float32),#输出层线性输出 ) optimizer=torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(),lr=0.05)#优化器(梯度下降) loss_func=torch.nn.MSELoss()#最小均方差 #神经网络训练过程 plt.ion() plt.show()#动态学习过程展示 for t in range(2000): prediction=net(x),#把数据输入神经网络，输出预测值 loss=loss_func(prediction,y)#计算二者误差，注意这两个数的顺序 optimizer.zero_grad()#清空上一步的更新参数值 loss.backward()#误差反向传播，计算新的更新参数值 optimizer.step()#将计算得到的更新值赋给net.parameters()D:\Anaconda\python.exe D:\py\text.py <class 'torch.Tensor'> Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\py\text.py", line 28, in <module> loss=loss_func(prediction,y)#计算二者误差，注意这两个数的顺序 File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\torch\nn\modules\module.py", line 1194, in _call_impl return forward_call(*input, **kwargs) File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\torch\nn\modules\loss.py", line 536, in forward return F.mse_loss(input, target, reduction=self.reduction) File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\torch\nn\functional.py", line 3281, in mse_loss if not (target.size() == input.size()): AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'size'

这段代码出现了一个错误，具体错误信息是 'tuple' object has no attribute 'size'。这个错误通常发生在调用 PyTorch 的函数时，输入的数据类型不正确，需要将数据类型转换为正确的类型。在这段代码中，loss_func ...

import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.autograd import Variable import numpy as np class RNNcell(nn.Module): def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, act_fn='tanh'): super(RNNcell, self).__init__() self.input_size = input_size self.hidden_size = hidden_size self.act_fn = act_fn if self.act_fn not in ["tanh", "relu"]: raise ValueError("Activation function must be 'tanh' or 'relu'.") self.i2h = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size) self.h2h = nn.Linear(hidden_size, hidden_size) self.reset_parameters() def reset_parameters(self): """规范化参数""" std = 1.0 / np.sqrt(self.hidden_size) for w in self.parameters(): w.data.uniform_(-std, std) def forward(self, input, hx=None): if hx is None: hx = Variable(input.new_zeros(input.size(0), self.hidden_size)) hy = (self.i2h(input) + self.h2h(hx)) if self.act_fn == "tanh": hy = torch.tanh(hy) elif self.act_fn == "relu": hy = torch.relu(hy) return hy解释一下这段代码

这段代码定义了一个RNNcell的类，表示一个RNN的一个时间步的计算，其中包括初始化方法和前向传播方法。在初始化方法中，定义了输入大小、隐藏层大小和激活函数类型，然后创建了两个线性层，一个是输入到隐藏层的线性...

import torch import numpy as np from math import exp import torch.nn.functional as F from torch.autograd import Variable #计算PSNR SSIM RMSE函数 def compute_measure(x, y, pred, data_range): original_psnr = compute_PSNR(x, y, data_range) original_ssim = compute_SSIM(x, y, data_range) original_rmse = compute_RMSE(x, y) pred_psnr = compute_PSNR(pred, y, data_range) pred_ssim = compute_SSIM(pred, y, data_range) pred_rmse = compute_RMSE(pred, y) return (original_psnr, original_ssim, original_rmse), (pred_psnr, pred_ssim, pred_rmse) #计算MSE def compute_MSE(img1, img2): return ((img1 - img2) ** 2).mean() def compute_RMSE(img1, img2): if type(img1) == torch.Tensor:#判断数据类型，选择是torch还是numpy return torch.sqrt(compute_MSE(img1, img2)).item() else: return np.sqrt(compute_MSE(img1, img2)) #计算PSNR def compute_PSNR(img1, img2, data_range): if type(img1) == torch.Tensor: mse_ = compute_MSE(img1, img2) return 10 * torch.log10((data_range ** 2) / mse_).item() else: mse_ = compute_MSE(img1, img2) return 10 * np.log10((data_range ** 2) / mse_) #计算SSIM def compute_SSIM(img1, img2, data_range, window_size=11, channel=1, size_average=True):

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解释代码：import os.path import torch import torch.nn as nn from torchvision import models, transforms from torch.autograd import Variable import numpy as np from PIL import Image features_dir = './features' # 存放特征的文件夹路径 img_path = "F:\\cfpg\\result\\conglin.jpg" # 图片路径 file_name = img_path.split('/')[-1] # 图片路径的最后一个/后面的名字 feature_path = os.path.join(features_dir, file_name + '.txt') # /后面的名字加txt transform1 = transforms.Compose([ # 串联多个图片变换的操作 transforms.Resize(256), # 缩放 transforms.CenterCrop(224), # 中心裁剪 transforms.ToTensor()] # 转换成Tensor ) img = Image.open(img_path) # 打开图片 img1 = transform1(img) # 对图片进行transform1的各种操作 # resnet18 = models.resnet18(pretrained = True) resnet50_feature_extractor = models.resnet50(pretrained=True) # 导入ResNet50的预训练模型 resnet50_feature_extractor.fc = nn.Linear(2048, 2048) # 重新定义最后一层 torch.nn.init.eye(resnet50_feature_extractor.fc.weight) # 将二维tensor初始化为单位矩阵 for param in resnet50_feature_extractor.parameters(): param.requires_grad = False # resnet152 = models.resnet152(pretrained = True) # densenet201 = models.densenet201(pretrained = True) x = Variable(torch.unsqueeze(img1, dim=0).float(), requires_grad=False) # y1 = resnet18(x) y = resnet50_feature_extractor(x) y = y.data.numpy() np.savetxt(feature_path, y, delimiter=',') # y3 = resnet152(x) # y4 = densenet201(x) y_ = np.loadtxt(feature_path, delimiter=',').reshape(1, 2048)

1. 导入需要的库，包括os.path、torch、torch.nn、torchvision、numpy、PIL等。 2. 定义一个变量features_dir用于存放特征的文件夹路径，img_path用于指定待提取特征的图片路径。 3. 通过split函数获取图片路径的...

下面的这段python代码，哪里有错误，修改一下：import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.autograd import Variable from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler training_set = pd.read_csv('CX2-36_1971.csv') training_set = training_set.iloc[:, 1:2].values def sliding_windows(data, seq_length): x = [] y = [] for i in range(len(data) - seq_length): _x = data[i:(i + seq_length)] _y = data[i + seq_length] x.append(_x) y.append(_y) return np.array(x), np.array(y) sc = MinMaxScaler() training_data = sc.fit_transform(training_set) seq_length = 1 x, y = sliding_windows(training_data, seq_length) train_size = int(len(y) * 0.8) test_size = len(y) - train_size dataX = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(x))) dataY = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(y))) trainX = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(x[1:train_size]))) trainY = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(y[1:train_size]))) testX = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(x[train_size:len(x)]))) testY = Variable(torch.Tensor(np.array(y[train_size:len(y)]))) class LSTM(nn.Module): def __init__(self, num_classes, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers): super(LSTM, self).__init__() self.num_classes = num_classes self.num_layers = num_layers self.input_size = input_size self.hidden_size = hidden_size self.seq_length = seq_length self.lstm = nn.LSTM(input_size=input_size, hidden_size=hidden_size, num_layers=num_layers, batch_first=True) self.fc = nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_classes) def forward(self, x): h_0 = Variable(torch.zeros( self.num_layers, x.size(0), self.hidden_size)) c_0 = Variable(torch.zeros( self.num_layers, x.size(0), self.hidden_size)) # Propagate input through LSTM ula, (h_out, _) = self.lstm(x, (h_0, c_0)) h_out = h_out.view(-1, self.hidden_size) out = self.fc(h_out) return out num_epochs = 2000 learning_rate = 0.001 input_size = 1 hidden_size = 2 num_layers = 1 num_classes = 1 lstm = LSTM(num_classes, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers) criterion = torch.nn.MSELoss() # mean-squared error for regression optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(lstm.parameters(), lr=learning_rate) # optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(lstm.parameters(), lr=learning_rate) runn = 10 Y_predict = np.zeros((runn, len(dataY))) # Train the model for i in range(runn): print('Run: ' + str(i + 1)) for epoch in range(num_epochs): outputs = lstm(trainX) optimizer.zero_grad() # obtain the loss function loss = criterion(outputs, trainY) loss.backward() optimizer.step() if epoch % 100 == 0: print("Epoch: %d, loss: %1.5f" % (epoch, loss.item())) lstm.eval() train_predict = lstm(dataX) data_predict = train_predict.data.numpy() dataY_plot = dataY.data.numpy() data_predict = sc.inverse_transform(data_predict) dataY_plot = sc.inverse_transform(dataY_plot) Y_predict[i,:] = np.transpose(np.array(data_predict)) Y_Predict = np.mean(np.array(Y_predict)) Y_Predict_T = np.transpose(np.array(Y_Predict))

from torch.autograd import Variable from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler # 读取数据 training_set = pd.read_csv('CX2-36_1971.csv') training_set = training_set.iloc[:, 1:2].values # 定义数据...

运行以下Python代码：import torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.optim as optimfrom torchvision import datasets, transformsfrom torch.utils.data import DataLoaderfrom torch.autograd import Variableclass Generator(nn.Module): def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim, num_filters): super(Generator, self).__init__() self.input_dim = input_dim self.output_dim = output_dim self.num_filters = num_filters self.net = nn.Sequential( nn.Linear(input_dim, num_filters), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(num_filters, num_filters*2), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(num_filters*2, num_filters*4), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(num_filters*4, output_dim), nn.Tanh() ) def forward(self, x): x = self.net(x) return xclass Discriminator(nn.Module): def __init__(self, input_dim, num_filters): super(Discriminator, self).__init__() self.input_dim = input_dim self.num_filters = num_filters self.net = nn.Sequential( nn.Linear(input_dim, num_filters*4), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2), nn.Linear(num_filters*4, num_filters*2), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2), nn.Linear(num_filters*2, num_filters), nn.LeakyReLU(0.2), nn.Linear(num_filters, 1), nn.Sigmoid() ) def forward(self, x): x = self.net(x) return xclass ConditionalGAN(object): def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim, num_filters, learning_rate): self.generator = Generator(input_dim, output_dim, num_filters) self.discriminator = Discriminator(input_dim+1, num_filters) self.optimizer_G = optim.Adam(self.generator.parameters(), lr=learning_rate) self.optimizer_D = optim.Adam(self.discriminator.parameters(), lr=learning_rate) def train(self, data_loader, num_epochs): for epoch in range(num_epochs): for i, (inputs, labels) in enumerate(data_loader): # Train discriminator with real data real_inputs = Variable(inputs) real_labels = Variable(labels) real_labels = real_labels.view(real_labels.size(0), 1) real_inputs = torch.cat((real_inputs, real_labels), 1) real_outputs = self.discriminator(real_inputs) real_loss = nn.BCELoss()(real_outputs, torch.ones(real_outputs.size())) # Train discriminator with fake data noise = Variable(torch.randn(inputs.size(0), self.generator.input_dim)) fake_labels = Variable(torch.LongTensor(inputs.size(0)).random_(0, 10)) fake_labels = fake_labels.view(fake_labels.size(0), 1) fake_inputs = self.generator(torch.cat((noise, fake_labels.float()), 1)) fake_inputs = torch.cat((fake_inputs, fake_labels), 1) fake_outputs = self.discriminator(fake_inputs) fake_loss = nn.BCELoss()(fake_outputs, torch.zeros(fake_outputs.size())) # Backpropagate and update weights for discriminator discriminator_loss = real_loss + fake_loss self.discriminator.zero_grad() discriminator_loss.backward() self.optimizer_D.step() # Train generator noise = Variable(torch.randn(inputs.size(0), self.generator.input_dim)) fake_labels = Variable(torch.LongTensor(inputs.size(0)).random_(0,

from torch.autograd import Variable 接下来定义生成器（Generator）和判别器（Discriminator）的类： class Generator(nn.Module): def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim, num_filters): super...
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pytorch AvgPool2d函数使用详解

from torch.autograd import Variable import numpy as np input = Variable(torch.Tensor([[[1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]], [[1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]]])) print("input ...

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