定义一个基类车，包含轮子，长度，颜色，速度等基本数据成员，可通过构造函数完成初始化；定义基类轮船，包含长度，高度，颜色，速度等基本数据成员，通过构造函数完成初始化操作，定义派生类，水路两用汽车，具备两个基类共有特征，并增添品牌等新数据成员，请定义基类与派生类，并完成基类不低于一个普通成员函数，派生类不低于2个普通成员函数，完成在main函数中的调用。采用普通继承与虚基类继承方式分别完成，并做比较

普通继承方式实现：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Vehicle {
protected:
    int wheels;
    int length;
    string color;
    int speed;
public:
    Vehicle(int w, int l, string c, int s) : wheels(w), length(l), color(c), speed(s) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Wheels: " << wheels << endl;
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
    }
};

class Ship {
protected:
    int length;
    int height;
    string color;
    int speed;
public:
    Ship(int l, int h, string c, int s) : length(l), height(h), color(c), speed(s) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
    }
};

class AmphibiousVehicle : public Vehicle, public Ship {
private:
    string brand;
public:
    AmphibiousVehicle(int w, int l, string c, int s, int h, string cc, string b) : 
        Vehicle(w, l, c, s), Ship(l, h, cc, s), brand(b) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Wheels: " << wheels << endl;
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
        cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
        cout << "Brand: " << brand << endl;
    }
    void drive() {
        cout << "Driving on land." << endl;
    }
    void sail() {
        cout << "Sailing on water." << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    AmphibiousVehicle av(4, 6, "Red", 60, 8, "Blue", "AmphiCar");
    av.showInfo();
    av.drive();
    av.sail();
    return 0;
}

虚基类继承方式实现：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Vehicle {
protected:
    int wheels;
    int length;
    string color;
    int speed;
public:
    Vehicle(int w, int l, string c, int s) : wheels(w), length(l), color(c), speed(s) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Wheels: " << wheels << endl;
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
    }
};

class Ship : virtual public Vehicle {
protected:
    int height;
public:
    Ship(int l, int h, string c, int s) : Vehicle(0, l, c, s), height(h) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
    }
};

class AmphibiousVehicle : public Vehicle, public Ship {
private:
    string brand;
public:
    AmphibiousVehicle(int w, int l, string c, int s, int h, string cc, string b) :
        Vehicle(w, l, c, s), Ship(l, h, cc, s), brand(b) {}
    void showInfo() {
        cout << "Wheels: " << wheels << endl;
        cout << "Length: " << length << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
        cout << "Speed: " << speed << endl;
        cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
        cout << "Brand: " << brand << endl;
    }
    void drive() {
        cout << "Driving on land." << endl;
    }
    void sail() {
        cout << "Sailing on water." << endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    AmphibiousVehicle av(4, 6, "Red", 60, 8, "Blue", "AmphiCar");
    av.showInfo();
    av.drive();
    av.sail();
    return 0;
}

两种实现方式的效果是一样的，都是实现了一个水路两用汽车类。虚基类继承方式相对于普通继承方式，可以避免因为多重继承导致的数据成员重复和不一致的问题，但是虚基类继承的效率相对较低。在实际开发中，需要根据具体情况进行选择。