import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib as mpl import matplotlib.pyplot as plt mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False df = pd.read_csv('merged_sentiment_idx.csv', parse_dates=['created_time']) df.set_index(df.created_time, inplace=True) df = df.loc['2017-4-15':'2018-4-15'] fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() ax2 = ax1.twinx() ax1.plot(df.index, df['BI_MA'], color='#1F77B4', linestyle=':') ax2.plot(df.index, df['close'], color='#4B73B1') ax1.set_xlabel('日期') ax1.set_ylabel('BI指标') ax2.set_ylabel('上证指数') plt.show()

import pandas as pd.docx

浅谈matplotlib.pyplot与axes的关系

最近在学习数据可视化，梳理一下其中一些诸如pandas绘图、matplotlib绘图、pyplot(plt)、axes等概念。重要的事情说三遍：axes不是axis！axes不是axis！axes不是axis！重要的事情说三遍：pyplot是接口不是对象！...

【matplotlib绘图】matplotlib.pyplot与axes的关系

最近在学习数据可视化，梳理一下其中一些诸如pandas绘图、matplotlib绘图、pyplot(plt)、axes等概念。重要的事情说三遍：axes不是axis！axes不是axis！axes不是axis！重要的事情说三遍：pyplot是接口不是对象！...

# 导入包 import pandas as pd import matplotlib as mpl import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as sns plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False mpl.use('TkAgg') # 导入数据 df = pd.read_csv(r'C:\Users\F\Desktop\3变量\data/CS2_35.csv') df_coor = df.corr() print(df_coor) fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8,6),facecolor='w') # 指定颜色带的色系 sns.heatmap(df.corr(),annot=True, vmax=1, square=True, cmap="Blues", fmt='.3g') plt.title('CS2_38') plt.show() fig.savefig('./df_corr.png',bbox_inches='tight',transparent=True)，帮我解释下这个代码用的方法和原理

1. 导入包：分别导入了 pandas、matplotlib、numpy、seaborn 等常用的数据分析和可视化包，其中 plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] 和 plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']=False 用于解决中文显示和...

import numpy as np import pandas as pd from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Dense from pyswarm import pso import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error from sklearn.metrics import r2_score file = "zhong.xlsx" data = pd.read_excel(file) #reading file X=np.array(data.loc[:,'种植密度':'有效积温']) y=np.array(data.loc[:,'产量']) y.shape=(185,1) # 将数据集分为训练集和测试集 X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y, test_size=0.25, random_state=10) SC=StandardScaler() X_train=SC.fit_transform(X_train) X_test=SC.fit_transform(X_test) y_train=SC.fit_transform(y_train) y_test=SC.fit_transform(y_test) print("X_train.shape:", X_train.shape) print("X_test.shape:", X_test.shape) print("y_train.shape:", y_train.shape) print("y_test.shape:", y_test.shape) # 定义BP神经网络模型 def nn_model(X): model = Sequential() model.add(Dense(8, input_dim=X_train.shape[1], activation='relu')) model.add(Dense(12, activation='relu')) model.add(Dense(1)) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='adam') return model # 定义适应度函数 def fitness_func(X): model = nn_model(X) model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=60, verbose=2) score = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test, verbose=2) print(score) # 定义变量的下限和上限 lb = [5, 5] ub = [30, 30] # 利用PySwarm库实现改进的粒子群算法来优化BP神经网络预测模型 result = pso(fitness_func, lb, ub) # 输出最优解和函数值 print('最优解:', result[0]) print('最小函数值:', result[1]) mpl.rcParams["font.family"] = "SimHei" mpl.rcParams["axes.unicode_minus"] = False # 绘制预测值和真实值对比图 model = nn_model(X) model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=60, verbose=2) y_pred = model.predict(X_test) y_true = SC.inverse_transform(y_test) y_pred=SC.inverse_transform(y_pred) plt.figure() plt.plot(y_true,"bo-",label = '真实值') plt.plot(y_pred,"ro-", label = '预测值') plt.title('神经网络预测展示') plt.xlabel('序号') plt.ylabel('产量') plt.legend(loc='upper right') plt.show() print("R2 = ",r2_score(y_test, y_pred)) # R2 # 绘制损失函数曲线图 model = nn_model(X) history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=60, validation_data=(X_test, y_test), verbose=2) plt.plot(history.history['loss'], label='train') plt.plot(history.history['val_loss'], label='test') plt.legend() plt.show() mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred) print('MAE: %.3f' % mae) mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred) print('mse: %.3f' % mse)

例如，应该将import numpy as np import pandas as pd分开成两行导入。其次，在进行数据标准化时，你应该使用同一个StandardScaler对象对训练集和测试集进行转换，而不是分别创建两个不同的对象进行转换。应该...

分析以下代码#!/usr/bin/python # -- coding:utf-8 -- import numpy as np import pandas as pd import matplotlib as mpl import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from sklearn import svm from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score # 'sepal length', 'sepal width', 'petal length', 'petal width' iris_feature = u'花萼长度', u'花萼宽度', u'花瓣长度', u'花瓣宽度' if name == "main": path = 'D:\\iris.data' # 数据文件路径 data = pd.read_csv(path, header=None) x, y = data[range(4)], data[4] y = pd.Categorical(y).codes x = x[[0, 1]] x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, random_state=1, train_size=0.6) # 分类器 clf = svm.SVC(C=0.1, kernel='linear', decision_function_shape='ovr') # clf = svm.SVC(C=0.8, kernel='rbf', gamma=20, decision_function_shape='ovr') clf.fit(x_train, y_train.ravel()) # 准确率 print (clf.score(x_train, y_train)) # 精度 print ('训练集准确率：', accuracy_score(y_train, clf.predict(x_train))) print (clf.score(x_test, y_test)) print ('测试集准确率：', accuracy_score(y_test, clf.predict(x_test))) # decision_function print ('decision_function:\n', clf.decision_function(x_train)) print ('\npredict:\n', clf.predict(x_train)) # 画图 x1_min, x2_min = x.min() x1_max, x2_max = x.max() x1, x2 = np.mgrid[x1_min:x1_max:500j, x2_min:x2_max:500j] # 生成网格采样点 grid_test = np.stack((x1.flat, x2.flat), axis=1) # 测试点 # print 'grid_test = \n', grid_test # Z = clf.decision_function(grid_test) # 样本到决策面的距离 # print Z grid_hat = clf.predict(grid_test) # 预测分类值 grid_hat = grid_hat.reshape(x1.shape) # 使之与输入的形状相同 mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei'] mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False cm_light = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['#A0FFA0', '#FFA0A0', '#A0A0FF']) cm_dark = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['g', 'r', 'b']) plt.figure(facecolor='w') plt.pcolormesh(x1, x2, grid_hat, shading='auto', cmap=cm_light) plt.scatter(x[0], x[1], c=y, edgecolors='k', s=50, cmap=cm_dark) # 样本 plt.scatter(x_test[0], x_test[1], s=120, facecolors='none', zorder=10) # 圈中测试集样本 plt.xlabel(iris_feature[0], fontsize=13) plt.ylabel(iris_feature[1], fontsize=13) plt.xlim(x1_min, x1_max) plt.ylim(x2_min, x2_max) plt.title(u'鸢尾花SVM二特征分类', fontsize=16) plt.grid(b=True, ls=':') plt.tight_layout(pad=1.5) plt.show()

1. 导入必要的库，包括 numpy、pandas、matplotlib、sklearn 中的 svm、train_test_split 和 accuracy_score。 2. 读取鸢尾花数据集，将前四列作为特征值 x，将最后一列作为目标值 y，并将 y 转换为数字编码。 3. ...

import matplotlib as mpl import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression import numpy as np from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error from sklearn.metrics import r2_score mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['KaiTi'] mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus']= False data=pd.read_csv('data.csv') #print(data.head) data.dropna(axis=0,how='any',inplace=True) data['单价']=data['单价'].map(lambda d:d.replace('元/平米','')) data['单价']=data['单价'].astype(float) data['总价']=data['总价'].map(lambda e:e.replace('万','')) data['总价']=data['总价'].astype(float) data['建筑面积']=data['建筑面积'].map(lambda p:p.replace('平米','')) data['建筑面积']=data['建筑面积'].astype(float) copy_d=data.copy() copy_d[['室','厅','卫']]=copy_d['户型'].str.extract('(\d+)室(\d+)厅(\d+)卫') copy_d['室']=copy_d['室'].astype(float) new_data=data[['总价','建筑面积']] new_data['室']=copy_d['室'] new_data.dropna(axis=0,how='any',inplace=True) print(new_data) new_data.loc[2583]=[None,180.00,4] data_train=new_data.loc[0:2582] x_list=['建筑面积','室'] ndata_mean=data_train.mean() ndata_std=data_train.std() data_train=(data_train-ndata_mean)/ndata_std x_train=data_train[x_list].values y_train=data_train['总价'].values svr=LinearRegression() svr.fit(x_train,y_train) x_test=((new_data[x_list]-ndata_mean[x_list])/ndata_std[x_list]).values y_test=svr.predict(x_test) print(y_test) new_data['y_pred']=y_testndata_std['总价']+ndata_mean['总价'] print(new_data[['总价','y_pred']]) svr_acc=svr.score(x_test,y_test)100 svr_mae=mean_absolute_error(x_test,y_test) print(svr_mae)

new_data.loc[2583] = [np.nan, 180.00, 4] 最后，第 41 行代码中的 score 函数用于评估模型的拟合程度，应该传入测试集的特征值 x_test 和真实的目标值 new_data['总价']，而你传入的是 y_test，这也...

import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from statsmodels.tsa.arima.model import ARIMA from statsmodels.graphics.tsaplots import plot_acf, plot_pacf plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif']=['SimHei'] import matplotlib as mpl mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False import warnings warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") years = range(1997, 2004) months = range(1, 13) data = [ [9.4, 11.3, 16.8, 19.8, 20.3, 18.8, 20.9, 24.9, 24.7, 24.3, 19.4, 18.6], [9.6, 11.7, 15.8, 19.9, 19.5, 17.8, 17.8, 23.3, 21.4, 24.5, 20.1, 15.9], [10.1, 12.9, 17.7, 21, 21, 20.4, 21.9, 25.8, 29.3, 29.8, 23.6, 16.5], [11.4, 26, 19.6, 25.9, 27.6, 24.3, 23, 27.8, 27.3, 28.5, 32.8, 18.5], [11.5, 26.4, 20.4, 26.1, 28.9, 28, 25.2, 30.8, 28.7, 28.1, 22.2, 20.7], [13.7, 29.7, 23.1, 28.9, 29, 27.4, 26, 32.2, 31.4, 32.6, 29.2, 22.9], [15.4, 17.1, 23.5, 11.6, 1.78, 2.61, 8.8, 16.2, None, None, None, None] ] df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=range(1, 13), index=range(1997, 2004)) df.index.name = '年份' # 平稳性检验 def test_stationarity(timeseries): # 将数组转换为 Series 对象 series = pd.Series(timeseries) # 计算移动平均和移动标准差 rolling_mean = series.rolling(window=3).mean() rolling_std = series.rolling(window=3).std() # 绘制移动平均和移动标准差 plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6),dpi=500) plt.plot(series.values.flatten(), label='原始数据') plt.plot(rolling_mean.values.flatten(), label='移动平均') plt.plot(rolling_std.values.flatten(), label='移动标准差') plt.xlabel('月数') plt.ylabel('接待人数（万人）') plt.title('移动平均和移动标准差') plt.legend() plt.show() # 执行ADF单位根检验 from statsmodels.tsa.stattools import adfuller result = adfuller(series.dropna()) print('ADF检验结果：') print(f'ADF统计量: {result[0]}') print(f'p-value: {result[1]}') print(f'临界值: {result[4]}') # 进行平稳性检验 test_stationarity(df.stack().values.flatten()) # 差分处理 df_diff = df.diff().dropna()

首先，导入了一些必要的模块和库，如pandas、numpy、matplotlib等。然后，定义了一个二维数组data，并将其转换为pandas的DataFrame格式。接下来，定义了一个名为test_stationarity的函数，用于检验时间序列的平稳性...

安享智慧理财测试项目Mock服务代码

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