51单片机程序设计中的串口通信:原理与实战,轻松上手

发布时间: 2024-07-10 00:13:37 阅读量: 45 订阅数: 46
![51单片机程序设计中的串口通信:原理与实战,轻松上手](https://i1.hdslb.com/bfs/archive/23b3144b925fde1ea61d9c38d9ab15b9e77b8d32.jpg@960w_540h_1c.webp) # 1. 串口通信基础** 串口通信是一种异步串行通信方式,广泛应用于嵌入式系统、工业控制等领域。它通过一根或多根导线传输数据,传输速率和数据格式可根据需要进行配置。串口通信的基本原理是将并行数据转换为串行数据,通过发送和接收数据线进行传输,并在接收端将串行数据还原为并行数据。 串口通信的关键参数包括波特率、数据位、停止位和校验位。波特率表示数据传输速率,单位为比特/秒;数据位表示每个字符传输的比特数,通常为 5、6、7 或 8 位;停止位表示字符传输结束后发送的停止位数量,通常为 1 或 2 位;校验位用于检测数据传输过程中的错误,通常使用奇校验或偶校验。 # 2.1 串口硬件配置 ### 2.1.1 串口引脚定义 51单片机的串口引脚通常定义为 P3.0(TXD)和 P3.1(RXD)。其中: - TXD:发送数据引脚,用于发送数据到外部设备。 - RXD:接收数据引脚,用于接收外部设备发送的数据。 ### 2.1.2 波特率设置 波特率是串口通信中每秒传输的比特数,单位为 bps(bit per second)。51单片机的波特率由定时器/计数器 T1 的分频系数和 SMOD 位决定。 - **定时器/计数器 T1 分频系数:** ``` 波特率 = 晶振频率 / (12 * 分频系数) ``` - **SMOD 位:** SMOD 位位于 SCON 寄存器的第 7 位,用于选择波特率倍增模式。当 SMOD = 1 时,波特率倍增,即实际波特率为上述计算结果的 2 倍。 ### 2.1.3 数据位、停止位和校验位设置 串口通信中还有数据位、停止位和校验位等参数需要设置。 - **数据位:** 数据位表示每个字符传输的比特数,通常为 8 位。 - **停止位:** 停止位表示结束字符传输的比特数,通常为 1 位或 2 位。 - **校验位:** 校验位用于检测数据传输中的错误,通常有奇校验和偶校验两种方式。 ### 2.1.4 串口寄存器 51单片机的串口寄存器主要有 SCON、SBUF 和 PCON。 - **SCON 寄存器:** SCON 寄存器用于控制串口通信的模式和状态,包括波特率、数据位、停止位、校验位等设置。 - **SBUF 寄存器:** SBUF 寄存器用于存储要发送或接收的数据。 - **PCON 寄存器:** PCON 寄存器用于控制串口中断和 SMOD 位。 # 3.1 串口数据收发程序 #### 1. 数据发送程序 ```c void serial_send_data(unsigned char data) { while (!TI); // 等待发送缓冲区为空 SBUF = data; // 将数据写入发送缓冲区 TI = 0; // 清除发送标志位 ```
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Big黄勇

硬件工程师
广州大学计算机硕士,硬件开发资深技术专家,拥有超过10多年的工作经验。曾就职于全球知名的大型科技公司,担任硬件工程师一职。任职期间负责产品的整体架构设计、电路设计、原型制作和测试验证工作。对硬件开发领域有着深入的理解和独到的见解。
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本专栏全面系统地讲解了 51 单片机程序设计,从入门基础到实战应用,涵盖了中断机制、定时器应用、串口通信、I/O 口操作、存储器管理、中断处理、算法优化、嵌入式系统应用、高级技巧、故障诊断、仿真测试、代码优化、项目管理、团队协作、安全编程、可维护性、可移植性、性能分析和代码重构等各个方面。通过深入浅出的讲解、实战案例和代码示例,帮助读者从小白成长为 51 单片机程序设计高手,掌握核心技术,提升程序效率和性能,打造稳定可靠的嵌入式系统。

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