PostgreSQL数据库事务隔离级别详解:ACID特性,深入理解

发布时间: 2024-07-31 06:22:29 阅读量: 17 订阅数: 18
![PostgreSQL数据库事务隔离级别详解:ACID特性,深入理解](https://cdn.hackr.io/uploads/posts/attachments/1685652182EkVjGOkbuT.png) # 1. 数据库事务基础** 数据库事务是一组原子操作的集合,这些操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败。事务具有 ACID 特性,即原子性、一致性、隔离性和持久性。 * **原子性(Atomicity):**事务中的所有操作要么全部执行,要么全部回滚,不会出现部分执行的情况。 * **一致性(Consistency):**事务开始和结束时,数据库必须处于一致状态,即满足所有业务规则和约束。 # 2. ACID特性与事务隔离级别 ### 2.1 ACID特性的含义 ACID特性是数据库事务处理系统必须具备的四个基本特性,它们共同保证了事务的可靠性和一致性。 #### 2.1.1 原子性(Atomicity) 原子性是指事务中的所有操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败。如果事务中任何一个操作失败,整个事务都会回滚,数据库的状态不会发生任何改变。 #### 2.1.2 一致性(Consistency) 一致性是指事务必须将数据库从一个一致的状态转换到另一个一致的状态。事务开始前和结束后的数据库状态都必须满足数据库的完整性约束。 #### 2.1.3 隔离性(Isolation) 隔离性是指并发执行的事务彼此独立,不受其他事务的影响。每个事务都应该看到一个与其他事务隔离的数据库视图,就像它是数据库中唯一执行的事务一样。 #### 2.1.4 持久性(Durability) 持久性是指一旦事务提交,其对数据库所做的修改将永久保存,即使系统发生故障或崩溃。事务提交后,这些修改将不受后续操作的影响。 ### 2.2 事务隔离级别 事务隔离级别定义了事务之间隔离的程度。不同的隔离级别提供了不同的并发性与数据一致性之间的权衡。 #### 2.2.1 读未提交(Read Uncommitted) 读未提交是最低的事务隔离级别。它允许事务读取其他事务未提交的修改。这可能会导致脏读,即读取到其他事务正在进行但尚未提交的修改。 ``` -- 事务A BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 1; -- 事务B SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE id = 1; -- 事务A COMMIT; ``` 在事务A中,对账户1的余额进行了修改,但尚未提交。事务B读取了账户1的余额,此时可能得到的是未提交的修改后的值。 #### 2.2.2 读已提交(Read Committed) 读已提交比读未提交提供了更高的隔离级别。它允许事务读取其他已提交的事务的修改。这消除了脏读,但仍然可能导致不可重复读。 ``` -- 事务A BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 1; -- 事务B SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE id = 1; -- 事务A COMMIT; -- 事务B SELECT balance FROM accounts WHERE id = 1; ``` 在事务A中,对账户1的余额进行了修改并提交。事务B在事务A提交后读取账户1的余额,两次读取得到的值是一致的。 #### 2.2.3 可重复读(Repeatable Read) 可重复读提供了更高的隔离级别,它保证事务在整个执行过程中读取的数据不会被其他事务修改。这消除了不可重复读,但仍然可能导致幻读。 ``` -- 事务A BEGIN TRANSACTION; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM accounts WHERE type = 'checking'; -- 事务B BEGIN TRANSACTION; INSERT INTO accounts (type, balance) VALUES ('checking', 100); -- 事务A SELECT COUNT(*) FROM accounts WHERE type = 'checking'; -- 事务A COMMIT; -- 事务B COMMIT; ``` 在事务A中,对checking账户的个数进行了统计。事务B在事务A执行期间插入了一条新的checking账户。事务A在提交前再次统计checking账户的个数,可能得到不同的值。 #### 2.2.4 串行化(Serializable) 串行化是最高的隔离级别,它保证事务按顺序执行,就像它们是串行执行的一样。这消除了脏读、不可重复读和幻读,但会严重影响并发性。 ``` -- 事务A BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 1; -- 事务B BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE accounts ```
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