GDB调试指南：深入学习文档

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"gdb调试学习文档，涵盖了gdb的基础知识和高级技巧，适用于gdb版本14.0.50.20230718-git。文档旨在帮助用户理解和掌握源代码级别的调试技术，由Richard Stallman、Roland Pesch、Stan Shebs等人编写，并邀请用户在遇到问题时通过指定链接向GNU组织提交bug和反馈。" 在IT行业中，gdb (GNU Debugger) 是一个强大的开源调试工具，用于在源代码级别检查和调试C、C++以及其他支持的语言编写的程序。这篇名为《Debugging with gdb》的学习文档是gdb的第十版，适用于gdb的特定版本，提供了全面的调试指南。 **调试基础知识** 1. **启动gdb**：首先，你需要编译目标程序时添加 `-g` 选项，以便包含调试信息。然后，使用 `gdb <program>` 命令启动gdb并加载你的程序。 2. **设置断点**：在特定行设置断点以暂停执行，可以使用 `break <line_number>` 命令。也可以根据函数名或条件设置断点。 3. **运行与单步执行**：使用 `run` 命令启动程序执行，`next` 命令执行下一行代码（跨过函数调用），`step` 命令进入函数内部。 4. **查看变量**：通过 `print <variable_name>` 查看变量的当前值，或者使用 `display <variable_name>` 自动显示每次断点暂停时的变量值。 5. **控制执行**：`continue` 命令使程序继续执行到下一个断点，`finish` 命令执行完当前函数后停止。 6. **堆栈回溯**：`backtrace` 或 `bt` 命令可以查看调用堆栈，帮助理解程序执行路径。 7. **内存查看**：使用 `x` 或 `examine` 命令查看内存区域的内容。 **高级调试技巧** 1. **动态加载库的调试**：gdb支持动态加载库的调试，可以通过 `sharedlibrary <library_name>` 命令载入或卸载库。 2. **远程调试**：gdb具有远程调试功能，可以连接到另一个系统上的进程进行调试，如 `target remote <hostname>:<port>`。 3. **Python扩展**：gdb提供Python API，允许用户自定义命令和增强调试体验。 4. **GDB服务器模式**：当程序在无法交互的环境中运行（如嵌入式系统）时，可以配置gdb服务器，通过gdb客户端连接进行调试。 5. **线程和进程调试**：gdb可以同时调试多线程和多进程程序，通过 `thread` 命令管理线程，`attach <pid>` 命令附加到进程。 6. **调试coredump**：如果程序崩溃产生core dump文件，gdb可以通过 `gdb <program> core` 分析崩溃原因。 **故障排查和问题报告** 文档中鼓励用户在遇到问题时，根据自由软件的精神，不仅有权复制、分发和修改文档，还应积极向GNU组织报告bug和提供反馈。这有助于gdb的持续改进和社区发展。这份gdb学习文档为开发者提供了一套全面的调试工具箱，涵盖了从基本操作到复杂场景的解决策略，是深入理解和高效使用gdb的重要参考资料。

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xiv Debugging with gdb

write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

lseek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

rename. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

unlink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

stat/fstat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

gettimeofday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

isatty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

E.13.8 Protocol-speciﬁc Representation of Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . 811

Integral Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Pointer Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811

Memory Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

struct stat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

struct timeval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

E.13.9 Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Open Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

mode t Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Errno Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Lseek Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

E.13.10 File-I/O Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814

E.14 Library List Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

E.15 Library List Format for SVR4 Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

E.16 Memory Map Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

E.17 Thread List Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

E.18 Traceframe Info Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

E.19 Branch Trace Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

E.20 Branch Trace Conﬁguration Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

Appendix F The GDB Agent

Expression Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

F.1 General Bytecode Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

F.2 Bytecode Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823

F.3 Using Agent Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

F.4 Varying Target Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

F.5 Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Appendix G Target Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

G.1 Retrieving Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

G.2 Target Description Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

G.2.1 Inclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

G.2.2 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834

G.2.3 OS ABI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

G.2.4 Compatible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

G.2.5 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

G.2.6 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

G.2.7 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

G.3 Predeﬁned Target Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

G.4 Enum Target Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838

G.5 Standard Target Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

G.5.1 AArch64 Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

G.5.1.1 AArch64 core registers feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

G.5.1.2 AArch64 ﬂoating-point registers feature . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

G.5.1.3 AArch64 SVE registers feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

G.5.1.4 AArch64 Pointer Authentication registers feature . . . 841

G.5.1.5 AArch64 TLS registers feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

G.5.1.6 AArch64 MTE registers feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

G.5.2 ARC Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

G.5.3 ARM Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

G.5.3.1 Core register set for non-M-proﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

G.5.3.2 Core register set for M-proﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

G.5.3.3 FPA registers feature (obsolete) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

G.5.3.4 M-proﬁle Vector Extension (MVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

G.5.3.5 XScale iwMMXt feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

G.5.3.6 Vector Floating-Point (VFP) feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

G.5.3.7 NEON architecture feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

G.5.3.8 M-proﬁle Pointer Authentication and

Branch Target Identiﬁcation feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

G.5.3.9 M-proﬁle system registers feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

G.5.3.10 M-proﬁle Security Extensions feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

G.5.3.11 TLS registers feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

G.5.4 i386 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846

G.5.5 LoongArch Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

G.5.6 MicroBlaze Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

G.5.7 MIPS Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

G.5.8 M68K Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

G.5.9 NDS32 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

G.5.10 Nios II Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

G.5.11 Openrisc 1000 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

G.5.12 PowerPC Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

G.5.13 RISC-V Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

G.5.14 RX Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

G.5.15 S/390 and System z Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

G.5.16 Sparc Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

G.5.17 TMS320C6x Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

Appendix H Operating System Information . . 853

H.1 Process list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

Appendix I Trace File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

Appendix J .gdb_index section format . . . . . . . . 857

Summary of gdb

The purpose of a debugger such as gdb is to allow you to see what is going on “inside”

another program while it executes—or what another program was doing at the moment it

crashed.

gdb can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you

catch bugs in the act:

• Start your program, specifying anything that might aﬀect its behavior.

• Make your program stop on speciﬁed conditions.

• Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.

• Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the eﬀects of

one bug and go on to learn about another.

You can use gdb to debug programs written in C and C++. For more information, see

Section 15.4 [Supported Languages], page 227. For more information, see Section 15.4.1 [C

and C++], page 227.

Support for D is partial. For information on D, see Section 15.4.2 [D], page 234.

Support for Modula-2 is partial. For information on Modula-2, see Section 15.4.9

[Modula-2], page 240.

Support for OpenCL C is partial. For information on OpenCL C, see Section 15.4.5

[OpenCL C], page 235.

Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, ﬁle variables, or nested functions

does not currently work. gdb does not support entering expressions, printing values, or

similar features using Pascal syntax.

gdb can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although it may be necessary

to refer to some variables with a trailing underscore.

gdb can be used to debug programs written in Objective-C, using either the Ap-

ple/NeXT or the GNU Objective-C runtime.

Free Software

gdb is free software, protected by the gnu General Public License (GPL). The GPL gives

you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed program—but every person getting a copy also

gets with it the freedom to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to the

source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies. Typical software companies use

copyrights to limit your freedoms; the Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve

these freedoms.

Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that you have these

freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away from anyone else.

Free Software Needs Free Documentation

The biggest deﬁciency in the free software community today is not in the software—it is the

lack of good free documentation that we can include with the free software. Many of our

most important programs do not come with free reference manuals and free introductory

2 Debugging with gdb

texts. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free

software package does not come with a free manual and a free tutorial, that is a major gap.

We have many such gaps today.

Consider Perl, for instance. The tutorial manuals that people normally use are non-free.

How did this come about? Because the authors of those manuals published them with

restrictive terms—no copying, no modiﬁcation, source ﬁles not available—which exclude

them from the free software world.

That wasn’t the ﬁrst time this sort of thing happened, and it was far from the last.

Many times we have heard a GNU user eagerly describe a manual that he is writing, his

intended contribution to the community, only to learn that he had ruined everything by

signing a publication contract to make it non-free.

Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. The problem

with the non-free manual is not that publishers charge a price for printed copies—that in

itself is ﬁne. (The Free Software Foundation sells printed copies of manuals, too.) The

problem is the restrictions on the use of the manual. Free manuals are available in source

code form, and give you permission to copy and modify. Non-free manuals do not allow

this.

The criteria of freedom for a free manual are roughly the same as for free software.

Redistribution (including the normal kinds of commercial redistribution) must be permitted,

so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, both on-line and on paper.

Permission for modiﬁcation of the technical content is crucial too. When people mod-

ify the software, adding or changing features, if they are conscientious they will change

the manual too—so they can provide accurate and clear documentation for the modiﬁed

program. A manual that leaves you no choice but to write a new manual to document a

changed version of the program is not really available to our community.

Some kinds of limits on the way modiﬁcation is handled are acceptable. For example,

requirements to preserve the original author’s copyright notice, the distribution terms, or

the list of authors, are ok. It is also no problem to require modiﬁed versions to include

notice that they were modiﬁed. Even entire sections that may not be deleted or changed

are acceptable, as long as they deal with nontechnical topics (like this one). These kinds of

restrictions are acceptable because they don’t obstruct the community’s normal use of the

manual.

However, it must be possible to modify all the technical content of the manual, and then

distribute the result in all the usual media, through all the usual channels. Otherwise, the

restrictions obstruct the use of the manual, it is not free, and we need another manual to

replace it.

Please spread the word about this issue. Our community continues to lose manuals

to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that free software needs free reference

manuals and free tutorials, perhaps the next person who wants to contribute by writing

documentation will realize, before it is too late, that only free manuals contribute to the

free software community.

If you are writing documentation, please insist on publishing it under the GNU Free

Documentation License or another free documentation license. Remember that this deci-

sion requires your approval—you don’t have to let the publisher decide. Some commercial

publishers will use a free license if you insist, but they will not propose the option; it is up

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