proj4坐标转换详解与源码下载

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"proj4坐标转换文档" proj4是一个用于地理坐标到笛卡尔坐标转换的标准化UNIX过滤器函数，同时也提供了软件开发人员用于在自己的软件中集成坐标转换的API。proj4由GitHub维护，支持多种平台，包括Linux、Docker和Windows，并提供了详细的测试状态和覆盖率信息。该文档详细介绍了proj4的坐标转换原理，用户可以下载源码进行使用。源码下载地址包括不同版本的release notes，例如2016年9月2日发布的4.9.3版，以及相应的datum grid数据包。此外，还有过去版本的源码，如2015年的4.9.2和4.9.1版。 proj4的主要功能是处理地理坐标（经度和纬度）与笛卡尔坐标之间的转换，这在地理信息系统（GIS）和地图制作中尤为重要。它支持多种投影方法，允许用户将数据从一种坐标系转换到另一种，这对于处理来自不同来源或使用不同标准的数据至关重要。例如，它可以将全球的WGS84坐标转换为中国常用的CGCS2000或北京54坐标系。坐标转换涉及到地球表面的几何表示，proj4使用了多种投影算法，包括但不限于： 1. 平行投影：如墨卡托投影（Mercator），适用于航海图和全球地图。 2. 方位投影：如极射赤道投影（Azimuthal Equidistant），保留了角度的真值，适合制作气象图。 3. 墨卡托投影的变种：如兰勃特等角圆锥投影（Lambert Conformal Conic），适用于大陆地区的地形图。 4. 椭球面投影：如高斯-克吕格投影（Transverse Mercator），广泛应用于国家和区域地图。 proj4库提供了丰富的接口，允许开发者在C、C++、Python、Java等多语言环境中进行坐标转换。开发者可以通过这些接口轻松地在应用程序中集成坐标转换功能，实现对地理数据的处理。文档中还包含了邮件列表信息，这为开发者和用户提供了一个交流和寻求帮助的平台。此外，文档还包括索引和表格，方便用户快速查找所需信息。 proj4是一个强大的开源工具，它使得在不同坐标系统之间进行准确而高效的转换成为可能，对于地理空间数据处理和GIS应用的开发者来说，是一个必不可少的资源。

proj.4 Documentation, Release 4.9.3

Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary control ﬁles: the ﬁrst is optionally ref-

erenced with the +init=file:id and the second is always processed after the name of the projection has been

established from either the run-line or the contents of +init ﬁle. The environment parameter PROJ_LIB establishes

the default directory for a ﬁle reference without an absolute path. This is also used for supporting ﬁles like datum shift

ﬁles.

One or more ﬁles (processed in left to right order) specify the source of data to be trans- formed. A - will specify the

location of pro- cessing standard input. If no ﬁles are speci- ﬁed, the input is assumed to be from stdin. For ASCII

input data the two data values must be in the ﬁrst two white space separated ﬁelds and when both input and output are

ASCII all trailing portions of the input line are appended to the output line.

Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS format and input cartesian data must be in units

consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units. Output geo- graphic coordinates will be in DMS (if the

-w switch is not employed) and precise to 0.001” with trailing, zero-valued minute-second ﬁelds deleted.

Example

The following script

proj +proj=utm +lon_0=112w +ellps=clrk66

-r <<EOF

45d15'33.1" 111.5W

45d15.551666667N -111d30

+45.25919444444 111d30'000w

EOF

will perform UTM forward projection with a stan- dard UTM central meridian nearest longitude 112W. The geographic

values of this example are equivalent and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input. The x-y output data will

appear as three lines of:

460769.27 5011648.45

cs2cs

cs2cs performs transformation between the source and destination cartographic coordinate system on a set of input

points. The coordinate system transformation can include translation between projected and geographic coordinates

as well as the application of datum shifts.

Synopsis

cs2cs [ -eEfIlrstvwW [ args ] ] [ +opts[=arg] ] [ +to [+opts[=arg]] ] file[s]

Description

The following control parameters can appear in any order:

-I method to specify inverse translation, convert from +to coordinate system to

˓→the

primary coordinate system defined.

-ta A specifies a character employed as the first character to denote a control

˓→line

12 Chapter 1. Documentation

proj.4 Documentation, Release 4.9.3

to be passed through without processing. This option applicable to ascii

˓→input

only. (# is the default value).

-e string

String is an arbitrary string to be output if an error is detected during

˓→data

transformations. The default value is:

. Note that if the -b, -i or -o

options are employed, an error is returned as HUGE_VAL value for both

return values.

-E causes the input coordinates to be copied to the output line prior to printing

˓→ the

converted values.

-l[p|P|=|e|u|d]id

List projection identifiers with -l, -lp or -lP (expanded) that can be selected

with +proj. -l=id gives expanded description of projection id. List

ellipsoid identifiers with -le, that can be selected with +ellps,-lu list of

cartesian to meter conversion factors that can be selected with +units or -ld

list of datums that can be selected with +datum.

-r This options reverses the order of the expected input from longitude-latitude

˓→or

x-y to latitude-longitude or y-x.

-s This options reverses the order of the output from x-y or longitude-latitude to

y-x or latitude-longitude.

-f format

Format is a printf format string to control the form of the output values. For

inverse projections, the output will be in degrees when this option is

˓→employed.

If a format is specified for inverse projection the output data will be in

˓→deci-

mal degrees. The default format is "%.2f" for forward projection and DMS for

inverse.

-[w|W]n

N is the number of significant fractional digits to employ for seconds output

˓→(when

the option is not specified, -w3 is assumed). When -W is employed the fields

will be constant width and with leading zeroes.

-v causes a listing of cartographic control parameters tested for and used by the

program to be printed prior to input data.

The +args run-line arguments are associated with cartographic parameters. Usage varies with projection and for a

complete description consult the projection pages

The cs2cs program requires two coordinate system deﬁnitions. The ﬁrst (or primary is deﬁned based on all projection

parameters not appearing after the +to argument. All projection parameters appearing after the +to argument are con-

sidered the deﬁnition of the second coordinate system. If there is no second coordinate system deﬁned, a geographic

coordinate system based on the datum and ellipsoid of the source coordinate system is assumed. Note that the source

and destination coordinate system can both be projections, both be geographic, or one of each and may have the same

or different datums.

Additional projection control parameters may be contained in two auxiliary control ﬁles: the ﬁrst is optionally ref-

1.3. Applications 13

proj.4 Documentation, Release 4.9.3

erenced with the +init=file:id and the second is always processed after the name of the projection has been

established from either the run-line or the contents of +init ﬁle. The environment parameter PROJ_LIB establishes

the default directory for a ﬁle reference without an absolute path. This is also used for supporting ﬁles like datum shift

ﬁles.

One or more ﬁles (processed in left to right order) specify the source of data to be transformed. A - will specify the

location of processing standard input. If no ﬁles are speciﬁed, the input is assumed to be from stdin. For input data

the two data values must be in the ﬁrst two white space separated ﬁelds and when both input and output are ASCII all

trailing portions of the input line are appended to the output line.

Input geographic data (longitude and latitude) must be in DMS or decimal degrees format and input cartesian data

must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units. Output geographic coordinates will

normally be in DMS format (use -f %.12f for decimal degrees with 12 decimal places), while projected (cartesian)

coordinates will be in linear (meter, feet) units.

Example

The following script

cs2cs +proj=latlong +datum=NAD83

+to +proj=utm +zone=10 +datum=NAD27

-r <<EOF

45d15'33.1" 111.5W

45d15.551666667N -111d30

+45.25919444444 111d30'000w

EOF

will transform the input NAD83 geographic coordinates into NAD27 coordinates in the UTM projection with zone 10

selected. The geographic values of this example are equivalent and meant as examples of various forms of DMS input.

The x-y output data will appear as three lines of:

1402285.99 5076292.42 0.000

geod

geod (direct) and invgeod (inverse) perform geodesic (“Great Circle”) computations for determining latitude, lon-

gitude and back azimuth of a terminus point given a initial point latitude, longitude, azimuth and distance (direct) or

the forward and back azimuths and distance between an initial and terminus point latitudes and longitudes (inverse).

The results are accurate to round off for |𝑓 | < 1/50, where f is ﬂattening.

invgeod may not be available on all platforms; in this case call geod with the -I option.

Synopsis

geod +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]

invgeod +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ] [ +args ] file[s]

Description

The following command-line options can appear in any order:

14 Chapter 1. Documentation

proj.4 Documentation, Release 4.9.3

-I Specifies that the inverse geodesic computation is to be

performed. May be used with execution of geod as an

alternative to invgeod execution.

-a Latitude and longitudes of the initial and terminal

points, forward and back azimuths and distance are output.

-ta A specifies a character employed as the first character

to denote a control line to be passed through without

processing.

-le Gives a listing of all the ellipsoids that may be

selected with the +ellps= option.

-lu Gives a listing of all the units that may be selected

with the +units= option.

-[f|F] format

Format is a printf format string to control the output

form of the geographic coordinate values (f) or distance

value (F). The default mode is DMS for geographic

coordinates and "%.3f" for distance.

-[w|W]n

N is the number of significant fractional digits to

employ for seconds output (when the option is not

specified, -w3 is assumed). When -W is employed the fields

will be constant width with leading zeroes.

-p This option causes the azimuthal values to be output as

unsigned DMS numbers between 0 and 360 degrees. Also

note -f.

The +args command-line options are associated with geodetic parameters for specifying the ellipsoidal or sphere to

use. See proj documentation for full list of these parameters and controls. The options are processed in left to right

order from the command line. Reentry of an option is ignored with the ﬁrst occurrence assumed to be the desired

value.

One or more ﬁles (processed in left to right order) specify the source of data to be transformed. A - will specify the

location of processing standard input. If no ﬁles are speciﬁed, the input is assumed to be from stdin.

For direct determinations input data must be in latitude, longitude, azimuth and distance order and output will be

latitude, longitude and back azimuth of the terminus point. Latitude, longitude of the initial and terminus point are

input for the inverse mode and respective forward and back azimuth from the initial and terminus points are output

along with the distance between the points.

Input geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and azimuthal data must be in decimal degrees or DMS format

and input distance data must be in units consistent with the ellipsoid major axis or sphere radius units. The latitude

must lie in the range [-90d,90d]. Output geographic coordinates will be in DMS (if the -f switch is not employed) to

0.001” with trailing, zero-valued minute-second ﬁelds deleted. Output distance data will be in the same units as the

ellipsoid or sphere radius.

The Earth’s ellipsoidal ﬁgure may be selected in the same manner as program proj by using +ellps=, +a=, +es=,

etc.

Geod may also be used to determine intermediate points along either a geodesic line between two points or along an arc

of speciﬁed distance from a geographic point. In both cases an initial point must be speciﬁed with +lat_1=lat and

+lon_1=lon parameters and either a terminus point +lat_2=lat and +lon_2=lon or a distance and azimuth

1.3. Applications 15

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