自动化软件测试技巧：提升效率与准确性

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"《Software Testing Automation Tips》是Gennadiy Alpaev撰写的一本针对软件测试自动化工程师的指南，提供了50个实用技巧，旨在帮助工程师提高测试效率，提升自动化测试的准确性和可靠性。书中强调了在实际项目中与演示环境中应用自动化测试技术的不同，并专注于创建可随着软件演进而适应变化的测试。内容涵盖脚本编写、测试策略、环境管理、测试运行和日志记录以及结果审查五大类别。这些技巧普遍适用，不局限于特定的自动化工具，甚至对手动测试也有所启示。" 在软件测试自动化领域，掌握正确的技巧至关重要。以下是基于书中的主要知识点的详细解释： 1. **脚本编写**：自动化测试的核心在于编写高质量的测试脚本。这包括了解何时使用数据驱动测试，如何编写可维护和可扩展的代码，以及利用模块化和重用性提高效率。 2. **测试策略**：明智地选择自动化测试的范围和层次，如关注关键业务流程或频繁更改的组件。理解何时应该自动化，何时保持手动，是成功的关键。 3. **环境管理**：创建和维护与生产环境相似的测试环境以确保测试的准确性。同时，了解如何配置和管理虚拟环境以减少资源消耗。 4. **测试运行和日志记录**：有效的测试执行和详尽的日志记录有助于快速定位问题。记录每个测试步骤的状态，以及任何异常和失败的原因，便于故障排查。 5. **结果审查**：对测试结果进行深度分析，不仅仅是查看是否通过，更要理解失败的原因，以及如何改进测试脚本或修复软件缺陷。 6. **工具的通用性**：虽然书中没有专注于特定的自动化工具，但强调了理解不同工具间的共性，以便于在各种工具间切换，或者根据项目需求选择最合适的工具。 7. **适应软件演化**：设计能够随着软件发展而灵活调整的测试，这可能涉及到使用敏捷方法，以及持续集成和持续交付（CI/CD）实践。 8. **问题解决**：书中提供的技巧对自动化工程师在遇到常见问题时提供了解决方案，比如如何处理复杂的回归测试和如何优化测试执行时间。 9. **手动与自动的结合**：即使在自动化测试环境中，手动测试仍有其价值，例如探索性测试和用户体验评估。理解两者的互补性，可以提升整体测试质量。 10. **持续学习与改进**：书中强调了自动化工程师应持续学习新的技术和最佳实践，以应对快速发展的软件测试领域。这本书为软件测试自动化工程师提供了宝贵的实战经验，无论是在早期项目规划阶段，还是在测试执行和维护阶段，都能从中受益。通过这些技巧，工程师可以更高效地利用自动化测试，提升项目的质量和稳定性。

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xiii

Introduction

After 10 years of working in test automation, I noticed that many things that seem obvious

to me are something new and unusual for others. This is quite natural when teaching

students, but several times I came across such lack of knowledge among people who

successfully worked as automation engineers for 3-4 years. This is explained by the fact

that usually on one project testers work with one type of tested application (for example,

a web or desktop), while not coming across other types of applications. Similarly, one

project is limited to a set of test conditions, automation tools, etc.

Communicating with students and young professionals, I had to return again and

again to the same topics. About once a year, I talked about the same thing, every time

with new people.

In the end, I decided to formalize them all in the form of a book with a set of tips,

which answer the most frequently asked questions and mistakes.

I hope that these tips will help testers involved in automation not to repeat mistakes

that have already occurred more than once in our profession, have been repeatedly

discussed, and successfully solved.

This book will be useful to those who only step on the path of test automation, as

well as those who have experience limited to a small number of projects and automation

tools used.

At the same time, experienced automation engineers can find here new or unusual

ways of solving problems, even if they have encountered in practice something similar,

since each person can approach in his/her own way to the solution of one and the same

problem.

CHAPTER 1 ■ SCRIPTING

THE PAIN OF RECORD & PLAY

Once I joined a project where automation of testing was used for several years, but

no one took the effort seriously. Tests were recorded, then minimal changes were

made (usually code that could not be recorded was added), and afterward tests were

run for regression. These tests were very unstable, pauses were used everywhere to

somehow stabilize their regular runs, and it was possible to understand these tests

only by comments (the testers had to insert comments as the test was recorded;

otherwise they could not themselves understand in a few days what this or that line

of code was actually doing).

Since the tested application had been developed quite actively, the tests had to be

updated regularly. Testers had to spend a week, on average, to make changes to the

test suite, which took a few hours to record. One problem was that recording tests

anew was also almost impossible, since there were no clear instructions anywhere

on what actions and verifications should be performed.

For the next version of the application, the scripts were written manually and what

used to take a week was now performed in no more than a day!

A recorded test must be edited and put in order, and it is even better to write the code

manually from scratch. The less automatically recorded code is in your tests, the clearer

and easier such tests are to maintain.

There are, however, several cases when the Record & Play can be used to good effect:

• When studying a new automation tool, recording is the easiest

and most convenient way to get an idea of how the tool works.

While you are studying the capabilities of the tool, Record & Play

is your best friend.

• If you have a single task and you are sure that you will never need

a script later, feel free to use the recording as well.

• For some controls (for example, custom context menus), it can

be difficult to get their identifiers and understand how to work

with them. In this case, Record & Play will help you to better

understand how to work with this control.

In other cases, it is better to use a framework that will help you to create tests faster

and more efficiently than recording them automatically.

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