基于计算智能的燃烧优化：中国科学技术前沿

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Fig. 3.61 Velocity vectors plots at the OFA nozzles level for test “A”

(a), test “B” (b), test “A1” (c), and test “A2” (d)

.......... 76

Fig. 3.62 EI-DR burner and the position of the monitoring pipe

(dimensions in meters): (1) primary air duct, (2) inner

secondary air duct, (3) outer secondary air duct,

(4) water-cooled wall, (5) tangential vanes, (6) radial vanes,

(7) monitoring pipe, and (8) conical diffuser

............... 77

Fig. 3.63 Schematic diagrams of the structure of half of the furnace

(dimensions in meters)

................................ 78

Fig. 3.64 Calculated temperature ﬁelds over a cross section through the

burner center at a height of 9.77 m (dimensions

in Kelvin)

......................................... 78

Fig. 3.65 Calculated NO

concentration (ppm) over a cross section

through the burner center at a height of 9.77 m

............ 79

Fig. 3.66 Distributions of the average gas temperatures and

concentrations along the furnace height for the four vane

angles

............................................ 80

Fig. 3.67 Furnace geometry

................................... 80

Fig. 3.68 Contours of temperature for case 5 (50% Kideco–50% Berau

with all burners switch ed on). a Burner A; b burner B;

c burner C; d burner D; e burner E; f burner F; and g Y =10m

plane

............................................. 81

Fig. 3.69 Observations from tri al runs with bar lines showing the trial

schedules T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T5

.................... 82

Fig. 3.70 Schematic arrangement of burners (levels A–G) and heat

recovery sections in the case-study boiler

................. 83

Fig. 3.71 Prediction of NOx distribution throughout the computational

domain, for the conventional operating scenario

............ 84

Fig. 3.72 Predicted cross-sectional averages of gas temperature and

concentration along the furnace height................ 85

Fig. 3.73 Biomass coﬁring system

.............................. 86

Fig. 3.74 The Yuanbaoshan boiler elevation

....................... 87

Fig. 3.75 Mean temperature distribution along with the height of the

furnace

............................................ 87

Fig. 3.76 Mean NO concentration distribution along with the height

of furnace

......................................... 88

Fig. 3.77 CFD model geometry of a tangentially ﬁred boilers ......... 89

Fig. 3.78 Temperature ﬁelds (K) in vertical plane at different boiler

heights

............................................ 90

Fig. 3.79 Comparison of maximum surface radiation at different boilers

heights

............................................ 91

Fig. 3.80 Deposit thickness (mm) on the OP-430 and OP-380 furnace

walls

............................................. 91

List of Figures xvii

Fig. 3.81 Geometrical model of A2 210 MWe boiler unit furnace: 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6—burners, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6—recirculation

holes

............................................. 92

Fig. 3.82 Predicted central vorte x in the furnace

.................... 92

Fig. 3.83 Coal particle diameter change due to combustion in the

furnace for two coals and tw o particle size classes

.......... 93

Fig. 3.84 Change in CO

mass concentration for different grinding

ﬁneness of coal

..................................... 93

Fig. 3.85 Changes in the ﬂue gas temperature for different coals

....... 93

Fig. 3.86 Change in the radiation ﬂux at the right furnace wall for

different coals

...................................... 94

Fig. 3.87 Boiler and burner geometry (CONC, WEAK: fuel rich and

lean coal burner; AUX, OIL, SGR: combustion air feed port;

OFA: overﬁre air feed port; U: upper; L: lower)

............ 94

Fig. 3.88 Velocity vector and temperature distribution

in the furnace

....................................... 95

Fig. 3.89 Stream ribbons within the geometrical model

of the furnace

...................................... 95

Fig. 3.90 Inﬂuence of the air/fuel ratio

........................... 96

Fig. 3.91 Inﬂuence of the boiler load reduction; a decreasing fuel and

air ﬂow rates and b turning off additional burners

........... 97

Fig. 3.92 Schematic diagram of the furnace and burner nozzle

arrangement at each corner

............................ 98

Fig. 3.93 Temperature distributions of central cross sections of a BFG,

b pulverized coal, and c COG n ozzles in case 1

(unit: K)

........................................... 98

Fig. 3.94 NO concentration distributions of central cross sections

of a BFG, b pulverized coal, and c COG nozzles in case 1

(unit: ppm)

......................................... 99

Fig. 3.95 Comparisons of variation of the temperature along the central

line of the PA nozzle: a changi ng the BFG ﬂow rate and

b changing the COG ﬂow rate

.......................... 99

Fig. 3.96 Comparison of the average CO concentration proﬁles along

the furnace height: a changing the BFG ﬂow rate and

b changing the COG ﬂow rate

.......................... 100

Fig. 3.97 Comparison of the average NO concentration proﬁles along

the furnace height: a changing the BFG ﬂow rate and

b changing the COG ﬂow rate

.......................... 100

Fig. 3.98 The geometric description of the CFD model for the boiler,

unit 1 at Loy Yang A power stat ion

..................... 101

Fig. 3.99 Distributions of the ﬂue gas temperature (K) along the height

of the furnace at the midcut (X–Z plane) for air-ﬁred, OF25,

OF27, and OF29 combustion cases

...................... 102

xviii List of Figures

Fig. 3.100 Distributions of NO

(ppm) at the UMB plane

(lower X–Y plane in the ﬁgure) and at the UIB plane

for all cases investigated

.............................. 102

Fig. 3.101 Heating and drying processes of raw brown coal in the

tangentially ﬁred boilers in Latrobe Valley

................ 103

Fig. 3.102 Predicted gas temperature at the vertical midplane: a case 9,

b case 4, c case 11, d case 6, e case 13, and f c ase 8

........ 104

Fig. 3.103 Predicted wall incident heat ﬂux: a case 9, b case 4, c case 11,

d case 6, e case 13, and f case 8

........................ 105

Fig. 3.104 Kostolac Power Plant B-1 and B-2 steam boilers

furnace

............................................ 106

Fig. 3.105 Uneven distribution of fuel and air over the individual

burners, temperature ﬁeld, and the NO

content in test cases

17 (a) and 28 (b): FEGT = 1015 and 993 °C, NO

emission = 428.0 and 307.7 mg/Nm

, respectively .......... 107

Fig. 3.106 OFA test case TS-3-12: a temperature ﬁeld in the furnace;

b NO

content; c velocity ﬁeld at the level of OFA ports with

the intensity of the V component; d velocity ﬁeld at the level

of OFA ports with the intensity of the gas temperature;

e penetration of OFA, isometric view; and f penetration of

OFA, front view

.................................... 108

Fig. 3.107 Schematic conﬁgurations of the tangen tially ﬁred pulverized

coal boiler

......................................... 109

Fig. 3.108 Temperature distribution

.............................. 110

Fig. 3.109 Comparisons of results with and without OFA operation

(average in each horizontal cross section along the furnace

height)

............................................ 111

Fig. 3.110 Geometry of the CFD model for TRU energy Yallourn unit

number 3

.......................................... 112

Fig. 3.111 Predicted wall incident heat ﬂux: a case 1, b case 2, c case 3,

d case 4, e case 5, and f case 6

......................... 113

Fig. 3.112 Predicted wall incident heat ﬂux: a case 1, b case 7, c case 9,

d case 4, e case 8, and f case 10

........................ 114

Fig. 3.113 Inﬂuence of the fuel and air distribution over the burner tiers

on the ﬂame geometry and position in test cases 1–3

........ 115

Fig. 3.114 Inﬂuence of the fuel and air distribution over the burner tiers

on the ﬂame geometry and position in test cases 4–6

........ 116

Fig. 3.115 Inﬂuence of the cold air ingress in test case 7 on the ﬂame

geometry and position

................................ 117

Fig. 3.116 Inﬂuence of the ash content in the pulverized coal on the

ﬂame geometry and posit ion in test cases 8–10

............. 117

Fig. 3.117 Schematic of the furnace and the arrangements of the burners:

a right view of the furnac e, b nozzle arrangement for a burner

set, c CTFB, d WCTFB, and e WOTFB

.................. 118

List of Figures xix

Fig. 3.118 Contours o f the temperature on the horizontal cross section

of the ﬁrst primary air of the burners: a CTFB, b WCTFB,

and c WOTFB

...................................... 118

Fig. 3.119 Contours of the velocity on the centr al vertical cross sections

for the furnaces at y =0m:a CTFB, b WCTFB, and

c WOTFB

......................................... 119

Fig. 3.120 Contours o f the temperature on the central vertical cross

sections for the furnaces at y =0m:a CTFB, b WCTFB,

and c WOTFB

...................................... 119

Fig. 3.121 Contours o f heat ﬂux (W/m

) on the walls: a CTFB,

b WCTFB, and c WOTFB

............................ 120

Fig. 3.122 Schematic conﬁguration of the 1000 MW pulverized

coal boiler

......................................... 121

Fig. 3.123 SOFA nozzle arrangement for three cases

................. 121

Fig. 3.124 Temperature distributions

.............................. 122

Fig. 3.125 Mole fraction distributions of NO

...................... 123

Fig. 3.126 Average temperature in each horizontal cross section along

the furnace height for three cases

....................... 124

Fig. 3.127 Average NO

concentration in each horizontal cross section

along the furnace height for three cases

................... 125

Fig. 3.128 Geometry of the CFD model for the FW-type 300 MWe

down-ﬁred boiler

.................................... 126

Fig. 3.129 Flow ﬁelds at the outlet of an OFA nozzle with different

nozzle angles

....................................... 126

Fig. 3.130 Calculated gas temperature (K) over the indicator y section

with different OFA nozzle angles

....................... 127

Fig. 3.131 Schematic diagram of the boiler (only half of the boiler is

shown in the ﬁgure because the furnace structure is

symmetrical) (PA, primary air; VA, vent air; and SA,

secondary air)

...................................... 127

Fig. 3.132 Schematic diagram of the retroﬁt for F-layer SA

............ 128

Fig. 3.133 Central cross section of the burner nozzle with horizontal

F-layer SA: a grid used for computed results, b ﬂow ﬁeld

(m/s), c temperature distribution (K), and d NO concentration

distribution (106 ppm)

................................ 128

Fig. 3.134 Comparison of the temperature distributions (K) for the

different inclined angles: a 0°, b 15°, c 25°,

and d 35°

......................................... 129

Fig. 3.135 Comparison of the NO concentration distributions (10

ppm)

for the different inclined angles: a 0°, b 15°,

c 25°, and d 35°

.................................... 129

Fig. 3.136 Schematic layout of the Teruel power plant. Detail of burner’s

conﬁguration

....................................... 130

xx List of Figures

Fig. 3.137 Comparison of velocity, temperature, and oxygen contours

plots at a cross section containing the biomass burner

depending on its location: a row D and b row F;

corresponding, respectively, to the simulation

cases 6 and 7

....................................... 130

Fig. 3.138 a Drawing of the Liptol boiler and b boiler cross section at

level 26.5 m

....................................... 131

Fig. 3.139 Temperature contours (°C) at the left raw coal burners’ plane:

a reference case, b coﬁring thermal share 5%, c coﬁring

thermal share 10%, and d coﬁring thermal share 20%

........ 132

Fig. 3.140 Average NO

concentration along furnace height (parts per

million)

........................................... 133

Fig. 3.141 View of unburned carbon percentage

..................... 133

Fig. 3.142 Distribution of total heat ﬂux (kilowatts/meter s squared)

on furnace zones

.................................... 134

Fig. 3.143 Schematic representation of the boil er domain (left) and

representative fuel and air inlet ports (right)

............... 134

Fig. 3.144 Cumulative volatile mass fraction during a coal combu stion

and b coﬁring 40% MBM with coal

..................... 135

Fig. 3.145 Flue gas temperature proﬁle along the boiler height (14, 16,

18, 20, 22, 26, and 35 m above the lower edge of the boiler)

during a coal combustion and b coﬁring

of 40% MBM

...................................... 136

Fig. 3.146 Slagging propensity calculated using l

crit

= 8 Pa s for

a 12.5%, b 25%, and c 40% MBM coﬁring on the

superheaters’ surfaces

................................ 137

Fig. 3.147 CFD geometrical model of unit 1 at Loy Yang

A power plant

...................................... 138

Fig. 3.148 The schem atic representation of the burners’ conﬁgurations

... 139

Fig. 3.149 Temperature distributions on the lower intermed iate main

burner at the cross section cuts (X–Y plane) for six

combustion cases: a case 1, b case 2, c case 3,

d case 4, e case 5, and f case 6

......................... 140

Fig. 3.150 Gas velocity vector on the upper intermediate inert of the

secondary air duct for six combustion cases: a case 1,

b case 2, c case 3, d case 4, e case 5, and f case 6

.......... 141

Fig. 4.1 Neuron model ...................................... 148

Fig. 4.2 MP model

......................................... 149

Fig. 4.3 Topological structure of BPNN

......................... 150

Fig. 4.4 Two kinds of signal of BPNN

.......................... 150

Fig. 4.5 Structure of GRNN

.................................. 153

Fig. 4.6 Comparison between predicting performance

pf GRNN and BPNN

................................. 154

List of Figures xxi

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