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recessive alleles encoding nonfunctional versions of this host factor with resistance.
As for the eIF4E subfamily in plants, a new function has been observed in the replication of
plant viruses, especially potyviruses (Léonard et al. 2000; Ruffel et al. 2002; Nicaise et al. 2003;
Gao et al. 2004; Sato et al. 2005), thus indicating the potential new role of eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E in
resistance strategies against plant viruses.
Potyvirus molecular biology
Potyvirus is the largest and most diverse genus of plant viruses, and causes severe losses to
many crops, particularly to vegetables (Wang et al. 2002). The potyvirus group is the largest of
the 34 plant virus groups and families currently recognized (Ward and Shukla 1991). This group
contains at least 180 definitive and possible members (30% of all known plant viruses), which
cause significant losses in agricultural, pastural, horticultural and ornamental crops (Revers et al.
1999). The best known members of the group are Tobacco etch virus (TEV) and Potato Y virus
(PVY).
The viral RNA is polyadenylated at its 3′ end, and its 5′ end is not capped but covalently
linked to a virus-encoded protein of approximately 25 kDa, named VPg (Murphy et al. 1990).
The viral genomic RNA of about 10 000 bp contains one long open reading frame expressed as
a 350-kDa polyprotein precursor that is proteolytically processed by three virus-encoded
proteinases to yield seven smaller proteins denoted P1, helper component proteinase (HC-Pro),
P3, cylindrical inclusion (CI), nuclear inclusion A (NIa), nuclear inclusion B (NIb), coat protein
(CP), as well as two small putative proteins known as 6K1 and 6K2 (Riechmann et al. 1992;
Riechmann et al. 1995; Langenberg and Zhang 1997). Within the potyvirus genome, the
conserved regions incorporate HC-Pro and NIb, whereas the variable regions consist of P1, P3,
and CP (Aleman-Verdaguer et al. 1997; Figure 3).
The VPg may intervene at several steps in the virus infection cycle, including viral RNA
replication and viral cell-to-cell and long-distance movement (Revers et al. 1999). Recently, the
VPg has been shown to bind to eIF4E proteins in several plant–potyvirus systems (Wittmann et
al. 1997; Léonard et al. 2000; Schaad et al. 2000).
Participation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E in plant–virus interactions
Plant–potyvirus interactions constitute an interesting model to investigate
recessive resistance, because of the high frequency of recessive genes conferring
resistance to potyviruses; recessive genes have been estimated to represent about
40% of potyvirus resistance genes, whereas genes linked to resistance against other
viruses are only about 20% recessive (Provvidenti and Hampton 1992). Recessive
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