精通异步服务器端JavaScript：Node.js实战手册

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"Node.js Cookbook - 由David Mark Clements编著，旨在帮助读者从零开始学习Node.js，通过超过50个实战食谱掌握异步服务器端JavaScript技术。" 本书"Node.js Cookbook"是一本面向初学者和进阶者的实用指南，它涵盖了Node.js的核心概念和实践技巧，旨在让你深入理解并熟练运用Node.js进行服务器端开发。Node.js是一个基于Chrome V8引擎的JavaScript运行环境，以其高效的异步I/O处理和非阻塞I/O模型而知名，尤其适合构建高性能的网络应用。书中包含的50多个"配方"涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **基础设置与环境配置**：介绍如何安装Node.js，以及设置开发环境，包括Node包管理器npm的使用，用于安装、管理和更新依赖库。 2. **事件驱动编程**：讲解Node.js的核心特性——事件循环和回调函数，这是理解和编写异步代码的关键。你将学习如何处理各种事件，如网络请求、文件系统操作等。 3. **HTTP服务器**：详细阐述如何创建和管理HTTP服务器，处理HTTP请求和响应，以及搭建RESTful API。 4. **模块系统**：介绍Node.js的模块化设计，包括如何编写、导入和导出模块，以及使用内置模块如`fs`（文件系统）和`path`（路径处理）。 5. **流处理**：Node.js中的流是处理大量数据的有效方式，书中有专门的章节教你如何创建、组合和操作不同类型的流。 6. **文件系统操作**：涵盖读取、写入、追加文件，以及目录操作，这些是任何服务器端应用都会涉及的基础功能。 7. **网络通信**：包括TCP和UDP套接字编程，可以用于构建低级网络服务或客户端。 8. **错误处理**：强调在异步环境中正确处理错误的重要性，以及如何优雅地捕获和报告错误。 9. **性能优化**：提供关于如何提高Node.js应用性能的策略，如使用集群、内存管理和性能监控。 10. **测试与调试**：介绍单元测试工具如Mocha和Chai，以及如何使用Node.js内置的调试器进行问题定位。 11. **部署与维护**：讲解如何将Node.js应用部署到生产环境，包括日志管理、进程控制和负载均衡。通过这些详细的章节和实践案例，读者将能够逐步建立起对Node.js的深入理解，并具备实际开发能力。无论是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从这本书中找到提升技能的宝贵资料。

Making a Web Server

In this chapter we will cover:

f Setting up a router

f Serving static les

f Caching content in memory for immediate delivery

f Optimizing performance with streaming

f Securing against lesystem hacking exploits

Introduction

One of the great qualities of Node is its simplicity. Unlike PHP or ASP there is no separation

between the web server and code, nor do we have to customize large conguration les to get

the behavior we want. With Node we can create the server, customize it, and deliver content

all at the code level. This chapter demonstrates how to create a web server with Node and

feed content through it, all while implementing security and performance enhancements to

cater for various situations.

Setting up a router

In order to deliver web content we need to make a URI available. This recipe walks us through

the creation of an HTTP server that exposes routes to the user.

Making a Web Server

We could have used a switch statement to handle routing but our pages array has several

advantages. It's easier to read and extend, and it can be seamlessly converted to JSON. We

loop through our pages array using forEach.

Node is built on Google's V8 engine, which provides us with a number of ECMAScript

5 features. These features can't be used in all browsers as they're not yet universally

implemented, but using them in Node is no problem!

forEach is an ES5 implementation,

but the ES3 way is to use the less convenient for loop.

While looping through each object, we check its route property. If we get a match, we write

the 200 OK status and content-type headers. We then end the response with the object's

output property.

response.end allows us to pass a parameter to it, which it writes just before nishing the

response. In response.end, we used a ternary operator (?:) to conditionally call page.

output

as a function or simply pass it as a string. Notice that the another page route

contains a function instead of a string. The function has access to its parent object through

the this variable, and allows for greater exibility in assembling the output we want to

provide. In the event that there is no match in our forEach loop, response.end would

never be called. Therefore, the client would continue to wait for a response until it times out.

To avoid this, we check the response.finished property and if it's false, we write a 404

header and end the response.

response.finished depends on the forEach callback, yet it's not nested within the

callback. Callback functions are mostly used for asynchronous operations. So on the surface

this looks like a potential race condition, however forEach does not operate asynchronously.

It continues to block until all loops are complete.

There's more...

There are many ways to extend and alter this example. There's also some great non-core

modules available that do the leg work for us.

Simple multilevel routing

So far, our routing only deals with a single-level path. A multilevel path (for example, /about/

node

) will simply return a 404. We can alter our object to reect a subdirectory-like structure,

remove path, and use request.url for our routes instead of path.basename:

var http=require('http');

var pages = [

{route: '/', output: 'Woohoo!'},

{route: '/about/this', output: 'Multilevel routing with Node'},

{route: '/about/node', output: 'Evented I/O for V8 JavaScript.'},

{route: '/another page', output: function () {return 'Here\'s ' +

this.route; }}

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