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C++编程语言第4版:勘误与改进合集
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《C++编程语言第四版》(The C++ Programming Language Fourth Edition)是Bjarne Stroustrup所著的经典著作,该书旨在介绍和深入探讨C++编程语言。作为第四版的集成版本,它汇集了第二版和第三版的勘误和改进,确保了读者能够获得最新、最准确的信息。值得注意的是,本书针对制造商和销售商使用的某些产品设计名称,如果有商标声明,已遵循相应的规范进行标注。 此版本不仅包含了作者对语言的详尽阐述,还包括了对编程概念和技术的全面讲解,适合于各种级别的程序员,无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发人员。书中强调了无明确或暗示的保修,且不承担因使用书中信息或程序导致的偶然或间接损失的责任。出版商针对批量购买或定制需求提供了优惠,包括电子版本、定制封面和针对特定业务目标、培训目标、市场策略以及品牌形象的内容。 C++第四版特别关注于语言的最新特性,例如模板、异常处理、泛型编程和智能指针等,这些都是C++语言发展中的重要里程碑,对于理解现代C++至关重要。此外,它还深入剖析了内存管理和性能优化,帮助开发者编写出高效、可维护的代码。 为了方便读者查阅,作者在其个人主页上提供了在线的勘误表和更新,确保了学习资料的准确性。无论是用于学术研究,还是职业发展,这本书都是C++程序员必备的学习资源和参考工具。 《C++编程语言第四版》是一本权威而实用的指南,它不仅提供理论知识,还注重实践应用,帮助读者掌握C++这门强大且广泛应用的编程语言。通过学习这本书,读者将能深入了解C++的核心原理,提升编程技能,并紧跟语言的演进潮流。
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Part I
Introduction
This introduction gives an overview of the major concepts and features of the C++ pro-
gramming language and its standard library. It also provides an overview of this book
and explains the approach taken to the description of the language facilities and their
use. In addition, the introductory chapters present some background information about
C++, the design of C++, and the use of C++.
Chapters
1 Notes to the Reader
2 A Tour of C++: The Basics
3 A Tour of C++: Abstraction Mechanisms
4 A Tour of C++: Containers and Algorithms
5 A Tour of C++: Concurrency and Utilities
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2
Introduction
Part I
‘‘... and you, Marcus, you have given me many things; now I shall give you this good
advice. Be many people. Give up the game of being always Marcus Cocoza. You
have worried too much about Marcus Cocoza, so that you have been really his slave
and prisoner. You have not done anything without first considering how it would affect
Marcus Cocoza’s happiness and prestige. You were always much afraid that Marcus
might do a stupid thing, or be bored. What would it really have mattered? All over the
world people are doing stupid things ... I should like you to be easy, your little heart to
be light again. You must from now, be more than one, many people, as many as you
can think of ...’’
– Karen Blixen,
The Dreamers from Seven Gothic Tales (1934)
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1
Notes to the Reader
Hurry Slowly
(festina lente).
– Octavius, Caesar Augustus
•
The Structure of This Book
Introduction; Basic Facilities; Abstraction Mechanisms; The Standard Library; Examples
and References
•
The Design of C++
Programming Styles; Type Checking; C Compatibility; Language, Libraries, and Systems
•
Learning C++
Programming in C++; Suggestions for C++ Programmers; Suggestions for C Programmers;
Suggestions for Java Programmers
•
History
Timeline; The Early Years; The 1998 Standard; The 2011 Standard; What is C++ Used for?
•
Advice
•
References
1.1 The Structure of This Book
A pure tutorial sorts its topics so that no concept is used before it has been introduced; it must be
read linearly starting with page one. Conversely, a pure reference manual can be accessed starting
at any point; it describes each topic succinctly with references (forward and backward) to related
topics. A pure tutorial can in principle be read without prerequisites – it carefully describes all. A
pure reference can be used only by someone familiar with all fundamental concepts and techniques.
This book combines aspects of both. If you know most concepts and techniques, you can access it
on a per-chapter or even on a per-section basis. If not, you can start at the beginning, but try not to
get bogged down in details. Use the index and the cross-references.
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4
Notes to the Reader
Chapter 1
Making parts of the book relatively self-contained implies some repetition, but repetition also
serves as review for people reading the book linearly. The book is heavily cross-referenced both to
itself and to the ISO C++ standard. Experienced programmers can read the (relatively) quick ‘‘tour’’
of C++ to gain the overview needed to use the book as a reference. This book consists of four parts:
Part I Introduction: Chapter 1 (this chapter) is a guide to this book and provides a bit of
C++ background. Chapters 2-5 give a quick introduction to the C++ language
and its standard library.
Part II Basic Facilities: Chapters 6-15 describe C++’s built-in types and the basic facili-
ties for constructing programs out of them.
Part III Abstraction Mechanisms: Chapters 16-29 describe C++’s abstraction mecha-
nisms and their use for object-oriented and generic programming.
Part IV Chapters 30-44 provide an overview of the standard library and a discussion of
compatibility issues.
1.1.1 Introduction
This chapter, Chapter 1, provides an overview of this book, some hints about how to use it, and
some background information about C++ and its use. You are encouraged to skim through it, read
what appears interesting, and return to it after reading other parts of the book. Please do not feel
obliged to read it all carefully before proceeding.
The following chapters provide an overview of the major concepts and features of the C++ pro-
gramming language and its standard library:
Chapter 2 A Tour of C++: The Basics describes C++’s model of memory, computation, and
error handling.
Chapter 3 A Tour of C++: Abstraction Mechanisms presents the language features support-
ing data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming.
Chapter 4 A Tour of C++: Containers and Algorithms introduces strings, simple I/O, con-
tainers, and algorithms as provided by the standard library.
Chapter 5 A Tour of C++: Concurrency and Utilities outlines the standard-library utilities
related to resource management, concurrency, mathematical computation, regu-
lar expressions, and more.
This whirlwind tour of C++’s facilities aims to give the reader a taste of what C++ offers. In partic-
ular, it should convince readers that C++ has come a long way since the first, second, and third edi-
tions of this book.
1.1.2 Basic Facilities
Part II focuses on the subset of C++ that supports the styles of programming traditionally done in C
and similar languages. It introduces the notions of type, object, scope, and storage. It presents the
fundamentals of computation: expressions, statements, and functions. Modularity – as supported
by namespaces, source files, and exception handling – is also discussed:
Chapter 6 Types and Declarations: Fundamental types, naming, scopes, initialization, sim-
ple type deduction, object lifetimes, and type aliases
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Section 1.1.2
Basic Facilities
5
Chapter 7 Pointers, Arrays, and References
Chapter 8 Structures, Unions, and Enumerations
Chapter 9 Statements: Declarations as statements, selection statements (
if and switch), itera-
tion statements (
for, while, and do), goto, and comments
Chapter 10 Expressions: A desk calculator example, survey of operators, constant expres- sions,
and implicit type conversion.
Chapter 11 Select Operations: Logical operators, the conditional expression, increment and
decrement, free store (
new and delete), {}-lists, lambda expressions, and explicit
type conversion (
static_cast and const_cast)
Chapter 12 Functions: Function declarations and definitions,
inline functions, constexpr
functions, argument passing, overloaded functions, pre- and postconditions,
pointers to functions, and macros
Chapter 13 Exception Handling: Styles of error handling, exception guarantees, resource
management, enforcing invariants,
throw and catch, a vector implementation
Chapter 14 Namespaces:
namespace, modularization and interface, composition using name-
spaces
Chapter 15 Source Files and Programs: Separate compilation, linkage, using header files,
and program start and termination
I assume that you are familiar with most of the programming concepts used in Part I. For example,
I explain the C++ facilities for expressing recursion and iteration, but I do not go into technical
details or spend much time explaining how these concepts are useful.
The exception to this rule is exceptions. Many programmers lack experience with exceptions or
got their experience from languages (such as Java) where resource management and exception han-
dling are not integrated. Consequently, the chapter on exception handling (Chapter 13) presents the
basic philosophy of C++ exception handling and resource management. It goes into some detail
about strategy with a focus on the ‘‘Resource Acquisition Is Initialization’’ technique (RAII).
1.1.3 Abstraction Mechanisms
Part III describes the C++ facilities supporting various forms of abstraction, including object-ori-
ented and generic programming. The chapters fall into three rough categories: classes, class hierar-
chies, and templates.
The first four chapters concentrate of the classes themselves:
Chapter 16 Classes: The notion of a user-defined type, a class, is the foundation of all C++
abstraction mechanisms.
Chapter 17 Construction, Cleanup, Copy, and Move shows how a programmer can define the
meaning of creation and initialization of objects of a class. Further, the meaning
of copy, move, and destruction can be specified.
Chapter 18 Operator Overloading presents the rules for giving meaning to operators for user-
defined types with an emphasis on conventional arithmetic and logical oper-
ators, such as
+, ∗, and &.
Chapter 19 Special Operators discusses the use of user-defined operator for non-arithmetic
purposes, such as
[] for subscripting, () for function objects, and −> for ‘‘smart
pointers.’’
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