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首页2014年工业设计案例:SettingCommunitiesAlight
"该资源是一份2014年的工业设计毕业论文项目,名为'Setting Communities Alight',由RMIT大学的Darby Bicheno完成。该项目关注如何通过产品服务系统方法论来加强人与社区之间的联系,尤其是面对紧急情况如森林火灾时的应对策略。这份报告还强调了建立持久的视觉记录的重要性,旨在深入理解人们在面临灾难时为何选择等待而不是立即行动的动机。" 这篇工业设计案例展示了设计方法在社会问题中的应用,尤其是如何将设计与社区服务相结合,提升人们的应急意识和行动力。设计服务系统方法论是一种综合性的设计思维方式,它不仅关注产品的物理属性,还关注产品如何嵌入到用户的生活中,以及如何通过产品和服务促进社区的互动和协作。 论文中,Darby Bicheno探讨了在面临如森林火灾等紧急情况时,人们的心态和行为模式。他可能研究了历史数据、进行了用户访谈,甚至可能构建了原型设备,以了解并改善人们在危机时刻的决策过程。这涉及到心理学、社会学和行为科学等多个领域的知识,旨在通过设计来提高公众的安全意识和反应效率。 此外,作者对项目导师Scott Mitchell和Chuan Kho的编程协助,父母的精神和经济支持,以及项目顾问Liam Fennessey的持续建议表示感谢。这显示出一个成功的学术项目背后团队合作的重要性。 此设计案例作为培训材料或课程案例,可以教育和启发其他设计师如何将设计实践与社会责任相结合,通过创新解决实际问题。同时,它也提醒我们,设计师的角色不仅仅是创造美观的产品,更是要通过设计促进社会的福祉和安全。
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There is a plethora of research looking into the effects
of bushre in australia, and my problem statement and
proposals have all been directly informed by it
sinimusdae nus exerunt
a country on fire, in
need of heLp
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Research
A Brief History of Fire
A Fiery Future
Stay? or Go?... or Stay?
Community as a Social Network
Who are the Stakeholders
Bushre and the Law
Current Warning Systems
The Problem
The Problem Summarised
The Predicament of Choice
And How to Reinforce it
Position
Who Do I Design For?
Persona’s and Scenarios
Key Focus Areas
Proposal
Keeping it Simple with a Complex Network
Service Diagram
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/10686362/bgf.jpg)
17
Bushres have been a fact of life in Australia
for it’s entire history, and as a result we live in
a country populated by ora and fauna that
not only survive in these conditions, but often
thrive on, or even rely on these extreme
events to survive.
18
It is widely believed that the Aboriginal
people of Australia have conducted their own
burn offs of vast swathes of land since their
settlement here some 50,000 years ago as
a means of encouraging agricultural growth,
clearing difcult to traverse land, and to
prevent larger naturally occurring res.
26
While this theory has come under some
doubt through the study of charcoal samples
in the Australasian region,
27
there is no doubt
that the massive reduction in the number
of res in Australia, a result of Aboriginal
peoples moving away from nomadic lifestyles,
has meant that the less frequent res have
been much more intense because of the now
common excess of natural fuels.
28 | 34
There are strong arguments
32 | 34
that many
examples of bushre tragedy could have
been mitigated or prevented if there was
a greater degree of focus on prescribed
burn-offs of fuel. As an example of this, the
2003 Canberra bushres incurred personal
insurance costs of $257,000,000, but could
have been prevented with burn-offs that
would have cost an estimated $100,000
31.
In the period from 1851-2009 bushres have
caused 815 recorded human fatalities, 9,946
injuries, affected 1,311,050 people, and made
31,942 homeless, with a total estimated cost
of $1,673,697,366 (although these gures
do not include the results of, or any res
since the 2009 black saturday res, known
to be a great Australian tragedy, and are only
representative of personal costs, and do
not include the hidden costs of reghting,
infrastructure damage, mental health issues
and loss of life).
17
In 2009, the Black Saturday
res raged throughout Victoria, and served
as a horric reminder of the potential for
damage that bushre presents.
With the current trend in Australia of building
our cities out rather than up, more and more
people are purchasing properties in what
are called peri-urban areas
14
. These areas are
dened as having a ‘wildland urban interface’,
which is to say that the homes of many
residents are in direct contact with entirely
natural bushland. In 2013 there were almost
95000 people that moved to areas of regional
Melbourne
30
, and many of these people will
have come from urban areas with little to no
experience of bushre
14
.
Because of this, there is going to be a
statistical increase in the number of people
affected by bushres every year, and even
with a national effort to mitigate bushre risk,
unexpected res will continue to occur. These
communities and the people that live in them
will need to be prepared for the worst.
a brief history of fire
“Bushres are a natural part of
ecosystem processes in Australia.
However, as human settlements
expand into or adjacent to
bushland areas, the risk to lives
and property increases.”
17
The previous record for the Forest
Fire Danger Index was broken by
such an extent that it was revised
and the category “Catastrophic”
or “Code Red” was added.
20
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![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/10686362/bg10.jpg)
19
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0
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08
0
Climate change is now a well and truly
established fact, and one that will have major
impacts on the frequency and severity of
bushres in Australia. It is not a major focus
area of this project, but it is important to
highlight it to stress the importance of
bushre preparedness as a result of the
effects it will have on the future of bushres in
Australia
Upon being set-up, the Australian Climate
Council decided that its rst publication
would be a report specically focused on the
impacts of climate change towards bushre
risk. It painted a very bleak picture, showing
that current trends and predictions are
leading to an increase in the number of high
risk re days; a result of hotter days, longer
heatwaves and subsequently dryer conditions.
To compound these issues, climate change
is predicted to have a great effect on future
res, and it is well understood that its
negative effects on the frequency and ferocity
of res will be ongoing.
20
According to the
Bushre CRC:
These increases are going to have far wider
reaching impacts than the small numerical
increases in global temperature would
indicate. For example; it’s predicted that the
Sydney region will need to increase it’s efforts
of bushre mitigation by 3-5 times to keep
up with the increased re activity. Longer
re periods will mean less time for bushre
mitigation efforts. The number of days with a
re danger rating of catastrophic will increase
(whereas they were almost non existent only
30 years ago).
20 | 34
Increases in global temperature,
and a subsequent increase in hot
dry days, is also going to have
a fiery future
“Climate change is increasing the
frequency and severity of very hot
days and driving up the likelihood
of very high re danger weather”
20
an impact on re fuel loads nationwide, as
quantities of leaf litter and dehydrated ora
will continue to rise. This, compounded by
windier days will mean that res are more
likely to begin, and when they do they will
burn hotter and spread faster than ever
observed before.
19
All of these effects, and more that cannot
be predicted, will mean that the risk of, and
damage caused by bushres is going to get
worse and worse in coming years. Global
efforts to reduce emissions will help, but only
to slow these increases.
20
In this situation of
knowing that things are going to get worse,
it’s only sensible to be taking increased
measures in educating the population, and
helping them deal with these increasingly risky
circumstances.
Over the past year, (2013) record
breaking temperatures have been
experienced across the country.
More than 120 weather records
were broken last summer, including
the hottest summer, the hottest
January, and the hottest day.
20
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/10686362/bg11.jpg)
21
Australian policy regarding bushre
management is internationally unique in the
fact that it not only allows people to defend
their own homes, but also requires that they
make this decision on their own terms. The
essence of this policy is well expressed by
its title; ‘Prepare, Stay and Defend or Leave
Early’, and is described by the state as “advice”
about a fundamental choice that people
should make about where to be when a re
occurs
33.
This policy, colloquially know as the
‘Stay or Go’ policy, has come under intense
scrutiny following the large number of deaths
of people in their homes during the 2009
Black Saturday res, but is unlikely to change
in coming years
24 | 33
the Fine Print
A central tenet of this policy is that all
properties can be effectively defended in the
event of bushre with adequate preparation,
and that residents need to decide in advance
whether they will prepare their property with
the intention of defending, or leave well in
advance of risk. The policy specically does
not make mention of the possibility that
either direction may fail, and does not go
into any detail regarding contingency plans
33
. A major criticism of the policy is that CFA
personnel are specically forbidden from
advising residents that their home is anything
other than defensible, and are not permitted
to inform residents of whether they should
choose to stay or go
33
. The idea that all
homes are defensible is one that many have
been critical of, with some pointing to the
fact that prior to the policies introduction
CFA regulations often led management staff
to inform people that their homes were very
unlikely to be defensible, if not impossible
to defend under some circumstances
33
.
Previous CFA policy also recognised that
bushres are often unpredictable, and that
unusual changes in wind, temperature, and
many other elements can quickly take the
defense of a property from being under
control to uncontrollable
33
. Reviews of the
Black Saturday res have shown that many of
those who died defending their homes had
not prepared to the extent that would be
recommended by the CFA
33
One Plan FOr many PeOPle
Bushre planning advisement is well
advertised in at risk areas, and it is safe to
assume that all of these residents are well
aware of the potential risks of living in these
areas. The major problems faced by re
ghting agencies here though are that people
delay their decisions, and do not adequately
prepare or plan for these disaster events
33 | 11
.
Ethnography seems to play a large role in the
decision making process, with studies showing
that gender, age, risk perception, experience,
community and family relationships,
attitude towards the stay or go policy, and
expectations of obstacles all affect the actions
taken by at risk residents.
2 | 9 | 11
Most current
training and education programs are intended
for all target audiences, but habitually tend
to focus on the activities usually undertaken
by men
2
. It has been widely observed that
women in households perform different, and
complimentary preparatory actions to men,
but these duties are rarely covered by training
programs, and many women feel that they
do not have adequate knowledge in the face
of bushre threats. It has also been observed
that women tend to act much more passively,
and often rely on specic instruction before
making the decision to leave
2
.
Similarly, those with special needs are often
left without tailored advice. In one study
focused specically on the actions taken by
those with disabilities or other impairments
or special needs, it was observed that those
who had experienced res before lived on
properties that were well prepared, and had
well formulated (but often unwritten) plans.
Many of those without this perception of
risk though had no form of plan in place,
very little in the way of property preparation,
and were in-fact often unaware of the
policy requiring residents to make their own
decision to stay or go
1
. A major problem
seen throughout at risk communities is that
many people have some form of a plan, and
often stick to that plan, but rarely do so in
a timely manner
11
. These plans are often
considered by re management ofcials as
inadequate though, and rarely involve even
basic contingencies
33
. A substantial number
of people in at risk areas delay their decision
to defend or evacuate until the day of the
re, which is problematic for many reasons,
but primarily because they tend to be less
prepared for either decision than those with a
pre-meditated plan
11
.
The devastation caused by
bushres is well documented. It
is known that the success of an
individual or household bushre
survival plan relates to the
preparatory actions undertaken
prior to a re season.
9
Residents reported a high level
of awareness of bushre risk, but
less than half had prepared for
a possible re. Most had thought
about what they would do in
case of a bushre, and acted
accordingly.
3
stay? or go?... or stay?
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