RSA加密算法详解与实例：安全芯片技术指南

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"《RSAEuro技术参考手册》是一本详细介绍RSA和DES等加密算法的专业书籍，由Nick Barron编写，旨在提供强大的加密技术指南。该书在1995年6月首次发布，后续经过多次更新，至1996年11月达到第三版。作者强调尽管已尽最大努力确保信息准确，但不承担因使用书中内容导致的错误或损害责任。本书的主要内容分为两个部分：RSA算法的介绍和随机数生成。在RSA部分，读者可以找到关于RSA加密原理、公钥和私钥的概念，以及如何实现加密和解密过程的详细解释。例如，书中包含`R_RandomInit`、`R_RandomUpdate`、`R_GetRandomBytesNeeded`和`R_GenerateBytes`这样的函数，用于初始化随机数生成器、更新随机数流、获取所需的随机字节数以及生成随机数据。 DES（Data Encryption Standard）是一种对称加密算法，而RSA是公钥加密系统，两者在加密技术中有显著差异。RSA利用大素数因子分解的数学难题来确保安全性，而DES则依赖于密钥进行加密和解密，速度相对较快但密钥管理更为复杂。文档结构清晰，从一般信息开始，包括介绍RSAEuro的目的、文档涵盖范围、组织方式，还提供了联系信息、排版规范、许可证信息以及专利和商标声明。对于每个版本的更新，都列出了相应的发布历史，便于跟踪技术发展和可能的修正。此外，书中特别关注随机数生成的重要性，因为它是许多加密算法的基础，特别是对于安全芯片而言，随机性对于保持加密强度至关重要。通过`R_RandomFinal`函数，用户可以确保在结束随机数生成时正确清理资源。《RSAEuro技术参考手册》是一份实用且详尽的资源，对于深入理解RSA和DES加密算法，以及在实际应用中正确使用这些算法，提供了宝贵的指导。无论你是IT专业人士还是加密技术的学习者，这本书都是一个不可或缺的参考资料。"

4 RSAEuro Technical Reference

6. RSAEURO is a publication of cryptographic techniques. Applications developed with RSAEURO may be subject to

export controls in some countries. If you are located in the United States and develop such applications using

RSAEURO, you are advised to obtain a copy of RSAREF from RSADSI, as you may using RSAEURO infringe on

Patents held by RSA Data Security and Cylink.

7. The license granted hereunder is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at anytime by destroying all

components of the Toolkit and its associated documentation. The termination of your license will not result in the

termination of the licenses of any distributees who have received rights to the Toolkit through you so long as they are in

compliance with the provisions of this license.

8. GENERAL

i. Address all correspondence regarding this license to J.S.A.Kapp's electronic mail address

<rsaeuro@sourcery.demon.co.uk>, or to

Mr J.S.A.Kapp.

The Post Office,

Dunsop Bridge,

Clitheroe,

Lancashire,

England.

BB7 3BB.

Tel. (+44) 1200-448241

ii. For details of Export Controls and other controls regarding the use of cryptographic techniques please contact your

country's relevant authority.

Patents and trademarks

The following terms are registered trademarks as indicated. All other trademarks acknowledged. To the author’s

knowledge, all relevant trademarks have been duly acknowledged. If there are any omissions, please provide the relevant

details and the documentation will be amended accordingly.

RSADSI

RSA Data Security Inc (RSADSI) provide consultancy and software engineering service in the field of cryptography. The

RSAREF toolkit, on which RSAEURO is modelled, is available free of charge from RSADSI with the USA and Canada,

subject to their licensing agreement. For information regarding licensing RSADSI’s toolkits, contact Paul Gordon

(paul@rsa.com ) at RSADSI.

Following a recent arbitration between RSADSI and Cylink, it has been determined that RSADSI hold patent rights to the

RSA public-key cryptographic algorithm. For details of licensing the RSA algorithm contact Paul Livesay

(pol@rsa.com )at RSADSI.

RSADSI can be contacted at:

RSA Data Security Inc,

10 Twin Dolphin Drive

Redwood City

CA 94065

Tel. (415) 595-8782.

DESX and RSAREF are registered trademarks of RSADSI.

Cylink

At the time of writing it was not possible to determine the legal situation regarding patents regarding cryptography held by

Cylink. Interested parties should contact Bob Fougner on (+1) 408 735 5893, e-mail: fougner@cylink.com .

RSAEuro Technical Reference 7

RANDOM NUMBERS

Introduction

Various functions within RSAEURO require random data (primarily for key generation). A stream of random (strictly,

pseudo-random) data is generated using the MD5 digest algorithm and a “seed” value, which is provided in the form of the

random structure.

Before use, the random structure must be initialised and “seeded” itself, by “mixing in” an amount of genuine random

data. The procedure for preparing a new random structure is as follows:

1 Reserve sizeof(R_RANDOM_STRUCT) memory.

2 Initialise the new structure using R_RandomInit. This sets random->bytesNeeded, the number of

random bytes required to “seed” the structure before use, to RANDOM_BYTES_RQ, and zeroes the

data.

3 “Mix in” a suitable quantity of random data using R_RandomUpdate. R_RandomUpdate takes a caller-

supplied block of data and combines it with the existing random structure using MD5.

R_RandomUpdate also decrements random->bytesNeeded, which indicates the amount of random data

still required (the R_GetRandomBytesNeeded function returns the bytesNeeded value of a given

random structure). R_RandomUpdate should be called repeatedly until R_GetRandomBytesNeeded

returns zero.

R_RandomUpdate may be called once the structure has been initialised (i.e. bytesNeeded equals zero).

RANDOM_BYTES_RQ should be adjusted according to the “purity” of the random data source.

An additional function, R_RandomCreate, creates and initialises a “fresh” random structure using data from the current

system clock, via the ANSI gmtime function (this function uses a separate variable, RANDOM_BYTES_INT, to indicate

the amount of mix-in bytes, currently set to 512).

On ANSI-compliant systems, R_RandomCreate can be used as a “one-stop shop” for producing a ready-to-use random

structure. Other sources of random data, such as keyboard timings, disk latency and so on are highly system-dependant, and

have not yet been implemented.

Once a random structure has been created, initialised and seeded, it may be used by R_GenerateBytes to produce a

stream of pseudo-random data. R_GenerateBytes returns an error if an invalid (non-seeded) random structure is

referenced.

The function R_RandomMix uses the ANSI clock and time functions to randomise the current state of an existing,

initialised random structure. Then flush any pending output from the output state.

The function R_RandomFinal clears a random structure.

Functions

R_RandomInit

int R_RandomInit(random)R_RANDOM_STRUCT *random; /* random structure */

Initialises a new random structure. Zeroes the data area and sets random->bytesNeeded to the system default

(RANDOM_BYTES_RQ). Always returns ID_OK.

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