IEC TR 62380-2004：电子元件可靠性预测通用模型

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"IEC TR 62380-2004 是一份技术报告，专注于电子元件、印制电路板（PCBs）及设备的可靠性预测通用模型。该报告提供了一种计算已安装电子组件故障率的方法，并通过引入影响因素使设备可靠性优化研究变得更加简便。报告参考了多项标准，旨在确保与当前技术保持同步，并且IEC会定期对出版物的技术内容进行审查和更新，以反映最新的行业标准和发展。" IEC TR 62380 是国际电工委员会（IEC）发布的一份技术报告，其主要目的是建立一个通用模型来预测电子组件、PCBs以及设备的可靠性。这个模型对于理解和评估电子产品的寿命和性能至关重要，特别是在设计阶段，它可以帮助工程师做出更可靠的设计决策。报告中提到的“失败率”是衡量电子产品可靠性的重要指标，它表示在一定时间内设备或组件发生故障的概率。通过这个通用模型，工程师可以更准确地估算出不同组件在实际运行条件下的故障率，从而优化设计，减少故障发生。报告中包含的影响因素可能包括但不限于环境条件（如温度、湿度、振动等）、工作负荷、制造质量、材料特性以及设计参数等。这些因素会影响电子组件的寿命和可靠性，因此在进行可靠性预测时必须考虑进去。 IEC/TR 62380-2004 的出版格式遵循了IEC的标准体系，例如从1997年开始，所有IEC出版物都采用60000系列的编号。此外，报告可能还会经历多个修订版，每个修订版都会在基础版本上加入新的修正或更新内容，以保持信息的时效性。对于IEC出版物的使用者来说，保持对最新版本的关注非常重要，因为这些出版物的修订可能包含了重要的技术改进或修正。用户可以通过IEC的出版物目录获取关于这份报告的最新信息，包括有效性、新版本、修正等内容。 IEC TR 62380-2004 提供了一个工具，帮助电子行业专业人士进行更为精确的可靠性评估，这对于提高产品品质、降低维护成本以及提升客户满意度具有深远影响。

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– 14 – TR 62380  IEC:2004(E)

Factor S

for relays (operating cycle rate).

Factor S

for connectors (current intensity).

c) Factors giving the influence of applied voltage (S

The influence of applied voltage is taken into account for transistors and optocouplers (voltage

applied between input and output).

4.3.2 Life expectancy

Life expectancy, when limited, is also influenced by certain factors (optocoupler operating current;

temperature of aluminum capacitors with non-solid electrolyte; contact current for relays).

Life expectancy can be expressed as a number of cycles (power transistors, switches).

4.4 How to use the data

4.4.1 Calculation method

Given that the component failure rates are assumed constant, the failure rate of a non-redundant

equipment can be obtained by adding together the failure rates of its individual components. In this

handbook, the failure rates given for components include the effects of the mounting on a printed

circuit board, the failure rate of the naked PCB or hybrid has to be added.

Clause 6 of this handbook explains the method to be used to calculate the failure rate of a printed

circuit board or a hybrid.

4.4.2 Reliability prediction results

The results of a reliability prediction are many and various, and not limited to failure rate: the

following information is also obtained:

- Failure rate (of component or equipment).

- Choice of technical construction for some components (choice of component family).

- Choice of conditions of use.

4.4.3 Failure rate

The failure rate can be used directly if the aim is to identify a reference base. Such is the case for

many objectives described in 4.5.

However, if the aim is to obtain an accurate estimate of stocks of spare parts, the result should be

uprated to take account of non-intrinsic failures:

- unconfirmed failure phenomena (equipment, subsystem, identified as defective and found to be

OK on repair);

- incorrect component usage, wrong choice of components for the first months of use of

equipment of new design (period of improving reliability);

- incorrect maintenance, inappropriate use, human error, environmental attack;

- production process learning factor (component mounting process, etc).

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TR 62380  IEC:2004(E) – 15 –

The appropriate uprating factors cannot be given in this handbook: they depend on the prior

experience of a company and how new the equipment production process is (for example, for

unconfirmed failures, the uprating factor ranges from 10% to over 100%, depending on newness).

4.4.4 In cases where conditions are not yet known default conditions can be assumed.

According to 4.5.1, reliability prediction calculations should begin as early as possible, at the start

of the equipment design phase, even if not all the applicable conditions can yet be known: in this

case default values can be used provisionally, to help determine those conditions which are as yet

unknown. These default values will then be gradually discarded as the definitive conditions are

identified.

This method is far preferable to the simplified calculation method (for which all the values are

replaced by default values, including those, which are already known).

The calculations must therefore be prepared in such a way as to enable values to be modified

easily.

4.5 Uses and aims of a reliability prediction

4.5.1 Reliability prediction as an aid to equipment design

The most beneficial use of a reliability prediction is as an aid to equipment designers, In this case,

the help is based on determination of the stresses and factors influencing the reliability of each

component (temperature, input voltage, technical construction of the components, etc.). Predictions

based on this handbook will lead the originators of a new design to choose the best conditions and

the best component families, and to draw up component qualification or evaluation programmes.

If this important objective is to be met, it is essential for the reliability prediction to be begun at the

very start of design, by the design originators, and then revised as required. The work should be

carried out in close collaboration with the company's component quality experts.

4.5.2 Reliability prediction to assess the potential of new equipment

The predicted reliability can be compared with the reliability objectives or stated requirements.

4.5.3 Predicted reliability values as a basis for contractual reliability values

The contractual value of a failure rate must be determined on the basis of the predicted value; these

two values will not necessarily be equal: a number of contractual values may be assumed

depending on observation period or certain data may be modified provided it is justified. However,

in all cases, the predicted value should be taken as the base.

4.5.4 Where used in conjunction with other characteristics of a project (electrical characteristics,

weight, etc.), the results of a reliability prediction can be used to compare different project

solutions, such as when evaluating proposals from tenderers. Comparisons of this kind are possible

only if the data used is the same, hence the existence of a reliability data handbook.

4.5.5 The predicted failure rates for the individual items of a system are crucial when calculating

system dependability and reparability.

4.5.6 Reliability predictions can be used as a basis for evaluating stocks of equipment and spare

components required for maintenance (however, in this case, it is important to take account of

probable non-intrinsic failures, as was explained in 4.4.3). The purpose of a study of this kind is to

optimize stocks of spare parts (avoid stock outages, but also avoid excessive and costly stocking

levels).

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– 16 – TR 62380  IEC:2004(E)

4.5.7 Reliability predictions can be used as a benchmark for assessing results observed in

operation. Indeed, observed results cannot be assessed effectively without a benchmark: mediocre

reliability would be considered normal and there would be no attempt at improvement.

Obviously we should not expect observations to mirror exactly the predicted reliability values, for a

number of reasons:

- Predictions are based only on intrinsic reliability; they do not therefore take account of external

overload conditions (however, according to 4.2.2, they do take account of residual overloads).

- Predictions do not take account of design errors or incorrect use of components.

- Predictions do not take account of the risks involved in using lots of components with poor

reliability.

These departures from reality, far from being a handicap are in fact an advantage; in practice, the

differences can be used to reveal a lack of reliability and, following analysis, take corrective action.

This very important quality enhancement process is crucial when it comes to minimizing the infant

mortality period and correcting equipment design errors.

5 Environment influence

5.1 General remarks

Experience has shown that component reliability is heavily influenced by mechanical and climatic

environment conditions, as well as by electrical environment conditions (residual overload).

This factor is therefore included in this handbook, based on observations and published values; for

simplicity, climatic and mechanical environment conditions have been classified in ten or so

environment types. However, the mission profile has to be taken into account (see 5.7), to

determine estimated failure rate of components in the considered environment.

5.2 Environment types defined

The environment types are based on IEC 60721-3 («classification of groups of environmental

parameters and their severity»), with some simplifications, and the specification ETS 300 019 (ETSI

specification: environmental conditions for telecommunications equipment).

Table 3 gives, for the various types of environment adopted for the purposes of this handbook, the

following information:

- the short form designation adopted for this handbook;

- the complete designation (generally according to IEC 60721-3);

- the main stresses included;

- some typical applications.

Table 4 quantifies the mechanical stresses (shock and vibration) for the main types of environment.

Tables 5 define the environmental conditions according to the presence and activity of chemical and

mechanical substances (definitions given in table 7 based on the conventions summarized in Tables

5 and 6), and according to climatic conditions.

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TR 62380  IEC:2004(E) – 17 –

Table 3 – Description and typical applications of the commonest types of environment

Environment description

Short form designation

(adopted in the

handbook)

Complete

designation

Description of

the environment

Applications

Ground; stationary;

weather protected

Equipment for stationary

use

on the ground

Weather protected locations

Controlled temperature and

humidity, low stress

good maintenance

Equipment in

environmentally

controlled premises

Equipment for stationary use on

the ground; in non

Weather protected locations

Some mechanical and

climatic stresses (moderate)

Average quality maintenance

Ground; stationary non

weather protected

important note: the phrase "non weather protected" (according to

IEC 60721-3) applies to the equipment and not to the components.

With regard to, the components (which are protected from the

elements), the main difference from the type "ground; fixed;

protected” lies in the absence of environmental control (humidity

and temperature).

Equipment located in

premises with little or no

environmental control:

- phone booths

- equipment in public

buildings

- equipment in streets,

stations, etc,

- equipment in industrial

environments.

Ground; non stationary;

benign

Equipment for non-stationary

use

on the ground

. in benign

conditions

Mechanical stress is more

severe than for "ground;

stationary; non Weather

protected” Sometimes

difficult maintenance

Radiotelephones - Portable

equipment on ground

vehicles.

Railway rolling

Stock equipment

Ground; non stationary;

severe

Equipment for non-stationary

use

on the ground

, in severe

conditions

As for "ground; non

stationary benign”, but with

more severe; mechanical

stresses

Satellite; flight

Used on board an orbiting

satellite

Very low mechanical stresses

Satellite; launch

Used on board a satellite

During launch

Extremely severe shock

High amplitude vibration and

high frequencies (up to

2 000 Hz)

Airborne; benign

benign

conditions

Conditions similar to those of

"ground; non-stationary;

benign-, but with more

intense vibration up to

2 000 Hz

Airborne; moderate

moderate

conditions

Airborne; severe

severe

conditions

Airborne; extremely severe

Used in an

aircraft in …

extremely

severe

conditions

The qualifying terms

"moderate”, "severe” and

"extremely severe", are

defined in table 2; they

represent increasing levels of

mechanical stresses.

Naval; benign

benign

conditions

Naval; severe

Used on board a

ship in ...

severe

conditions

Conditions similar to those of

“ground; stationary; non-

weather protected”, but with

more pronounced shock and

vibration. The qualifying

terms, "benign” and “severe”

represent the mechanical

stresses according to table 2.

Other applications (other

than "aircraft” and "ship”)

are possible, rovided that

the stresses are

comparable.

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