边缘AI：重塑计算机历史的技术革命

MachineLearning

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Figure 1-1. Embedded systems are present in every part of our world, including the home and the workplace

Embedded systems can be tiny and simple, like the microcontroller that controls a digital watch,

or large and sophisticated, like the embedded Linux computer inside a smart TV. In contrast to

general-purpose computers, like a laptop or smartphone, embedded systems are usually meant to

perform one specific, dedicated task.

Since they power much of our modern technology, embedded systems are extraordinarily

widespread. In fact, there were over 28 billion microcontrollers shipped in the year 2020 —just

one type of embedded processor. They’re in our homes, our vehicles, our factories, and our city

streets. It’s likely you are never more than a few feet from an embedded system.

It’s common for embedded systems to reflect the constraints of the environments into which they

are deployed. For example, many embedded systems are required to run on battery power, so

they’re designed with energy efficiency in mind—perhaps with limited memory or an extremely

slow clock rate.

Programming embedded systems is the art of navigating these constraints, writing software that

performs the task required while making the most out of limited resources. This can be

incredibly difficult. Embedded systems engineers are the unsung heroes of the modern world. If

you happen to be one, thank you for your hard work!

The Edge (and the Internet of Things)

The history of computer networks has been a gigantic tug of war. In the first systems—individual

computers the size of a room—computation was inherently centralized. There was one machine,

and that one machine did all the work.

Eventually, however, computers were connected to terminals (as shown in Figure 1-2) that took

over some of their responsibilities. Most of the computation was happening in the central

mainframe, but some simple tasks—like figuring out how to render letters onto a cathode-ray

tube screen—were done by the terminal’s electronics.

Figure 1-2. Mainframe computers performed the bulk of the computation, while simple terminals processed input, printed output,

and rendered basic graphics

Over time, terminals became more and more sophisticated, taking over more and more functions

that were previously the job of the central computer. The tug-of-war had begun! Once the

personal computer was invented, small computers could do useful work without even being

connected to another machine. The rope had been pulled to the opposite extreme—from the

center of the network to the edge.

The growth of the internet, along with web applications and services, made it possible to do

some really cool stuff—from streaming video to social networking. All of this depends on

computers being connected to servers, which have gradually taken over more and more of the

work. Over the past decade, most of our computing has become centralized again—this time in

the “cloud.” When the internet goes down, our modern computers aren’t much use!

But the computers we use for work and play are not our only connected devices. In fact, it is

estimated that in 2021 there were 12.2 billion assorted items connected to the internet, creating

and consuming data. This vast network of objects is called the Internet of Things (IoT), and it

includes everything you can think of: industrial sensors, smart refrigerators, internet-connected

security cameras, personal automobiles, shipping containers, fitness trackers, and coffee

machines.

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边缘AI：重塑计算机历史的技术革命

2018-FL+边缘计算-In-Edge AI Intelligentizing Mobile Edge Computing,

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