Oracle 11g入门全攻略：架构与操作详解

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Oracle Database 11g初学者指南是一本全面深入介绍Oracle数据库技术的权威教材，由Ian Abramson、Michael Abbey、Michael J. Corey和Michelle Malcher共同编著。本书旨在为刚接触Oracle 11g的新手提供系统的学习路径，帮助他们掌握Oracle数据库的基础架构和操作技巧。作为第11个版本的Oracle数据库，11g包含了多项重要的新功能和改进，如增强的安全性、性能优化工具、以及对大数据和云计算的支持。该书涵盖了以下核心知识点： 1. **Oracle数据库体系结构**：解释了Oracle数据库的基本组成部分，包括实例、数据库、表空间、数据块和索引等，让读者理解数据库的整体运作机制。 2. **安装与配置**：详细说明了如何安装Oracle数据库服务器，设置环境变量，以及配置网络服务和权限管理。 3. **SQL语言基础**：介绍了SQL（Structured Query Language）的基础语法和常用命令，包括数据查询、数据修改、数据插入和删除等。 4. **安全性与备份恢复**：讲解了Oracle的安全特性，如角色、口令策略和审计规则，以及备份与恢复的最佳实践，确保数据安全和灾难恢复能力。 5. **性能调优**：涉及了性能监视、分析工具（如SQL Tuning Advisor和ExPLAIN PLAN）的使用，以及如何通过优化SQL查询、索引设计和数据库参数调整来提高性能。 6. **存储管理**：涵盖了表空间的创建、扩展、管理和数据压缩等方面的知识，帮助用户有效利用存储资源。 7. **分布式数据库和集群**：介绍了如何在多节点环境中部署和管理Oracle数据库，包括RAC (Real Application Clusters) 和网格计算技术。 8. **Oracle 11g新特性**：专门章节详细介绍11g新增的功能，如NoSQL支持、列式存储和Oracle Data Integrator等高级特性。 9. **实战项目与案例研究**：书中包含丰富的实战练习和实际场景应用，使读者能在实践中巩固理论知识并提升技能。 10. **在线资源与社区支持**：提供了Oracle官方文档链接和社区支持资源，鼓励读者进一步探索和解决问题。该电子文档PDF格式便于阅读和查阅，适合自学和教学使用。版权方面，任何未经出版商The McGraw-Hill Companies许可，不得擅自复制或传播。如果你是初学者想深入学习Oracle 11g，这本书将是你不可或缺的参考书籍。

Introduction

he release of Oracle Database 11g is one that comes with much

anticipation. We are at a time when data is exploding and the cost

of operations must be reduced. Oracle 11g is a release that addresses

many of these concerns and provides a database that can help

organizations move forward without boundaries. With the release of

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide, we bring back together the Abramson,

Abbey, and Corey team that has been writing these books for over 13 years. That

time slice is pale compared to the length of time the Oracle database software has

been embracing the information highway. Recently Oracle celebrated its 30th

anniversary with the customary hoopla and fanfare…justifiably so.

One cannot rub shoulders with fellow information technologists without experiencing

Oracle’s technology, and quite a piece of technology it is! In the beginning, there was a

database, and then came development tools. The Oracle product line added components

at an ever more accelerating rate. This book is all about the foundation underneath just

about everything running the Oracle technology stack—the database. Regardless of what

corner of the technology you work with, being familiar with the underpinnings of the

database technology makes you a better practitioner.

Where has Oracle been, and where is it going? The former question is not that hard

to answer, the latter a mystery until it unfolds. In 1979 we saw the first commercial SQL

RDBMS offering from a new company in Redwood Shores, California—Software

Development Laboratories. Close to two years later, the company morphed into

Relational Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, not far from its origin. The VAX hardware

platform was the initial home of the database offering. The rest of the story of this

company, now known as Oracle Corporation, is revolutionary—all the way from the

first read-consistent database (1984), through its first full suite of applications (1992),

to the first web database offering (1997). The calendar year 2000 saw the first Internet

development suite, followed not long thereafter by the release of Enterprise Grid

computing with Database 10g in 2003. The acquisitions path emerged strongly in

2004 with the purchase of PeopleSoft, and it did not stop there. Significant technology

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Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide

acquisitions are now common for this software giant, with Stellent Inc., Hyperion

Solutions Corporation, and, more recently, BEA Systems. As of the publication date of

this book, Oracle has acquired over 40 companies, making their products a significant

component of its growth strategy.

The database will always be the backbone of Oracle’s product line—hence the

fifth release of this successful suite of works: Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s

Guide. What many people find so fascinating about the Oracle technology stack

is how you can bury yourself in such a small part of the database offering. The part

that you are familiar with compared to the complete technology stack can be likened

to a little itty-bitty street corner compared to the network of intersections in a

thriving urban metropolis. Many of us live and breathe our piece of the database

technology, never having the opportunity to experience the features and functionality

leveraged elsewhere. That is why we wrote this Beginner’s Guide. Our main audience

is just that, the beginner, but there are also chapters in this book that cater to the

information needs of seasoned veterans with the technology.

In the earliest days of the Beginner’s Guide, we continually heard two dramatically

opposing opinions about the same thing. On one hand, some people said “One

thing I really like about the Oracle database software is that it’s so easy to tune”; on

the other hand, some claimed “One thing I really hate the Oracle database software

is that it’s so hard to tune.” Exactly where you align yourself as you get further and

further into this book remains to be seen; suffice it to say, the material covered in

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide will help you make more informed

decisions and adopt better best practices now and in the future. Oracle Database

is a powerful tool, and this book will be your first step toward empowerment and

your future of becoming an Oracle expert.

This book features the following elements, which enable you to check your

progress and understanding of the concepts and details of the product:

■ Critical Skills listed at the beginning of each chapter highlight what you will

learn by the end of the chapter.

■ Step-by-step Projects reinforce the concepts and skills learned in each

chapter, enabling you to apply your newly acquired knowledge and skills

immediately.

■ Ask the Expert questions and answers appear throughout the chapters to

make the subject more interactive and personal.

■ Progress Checks are quick, numbered self-assessment sections where you

can easily check your progress by answering questions and getting immediate

feedback with the provided answers.

■ Mastery Checks at the end of each chapter test proficiency in concepts

and technology details covered in the chapter through multiple-choice,

fill-in-the blank, true/false, and short-answer questions.

This book introduces you to many aspects of the Oracle database software.

Chapter 1 starts with the concept of a database and how Oracle is structured so

that you understand the fundamentals. Chapter 2 covers installing the software that

you are going to need to try things out. We have provided a step-by-step guide to

installing the software on Linux, but if you wish to install it on another platform, this

chapter will help you understand the choices that you need to make when installing

the database.

Once your database is installed, you will need to communicate with it; in order

to do this, you may need to install Oracle client software to access the database.

Chapter 3 on connecting to Oracle will guide you through the tasks that can often

be complex, but we provide information on how to keep it simple.

Once the database is installed and you can communicate with it, you need to

speak the languages that the database understands. We provide you with a solid

introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chapter 4, as well as Oracle’s

own programming language, PL/SQL, in Chapter 5. These two chapters will help

you create robust interactions with the database to get data into and out of your

database.

The administration of the Oracle database is largely a function of the people who

work closely with Oracle’s software. Thus, we provide you with a deep introduction

to these functions and features. In Chapter 6 we will show you what database

administrators (DBAs) do on a daily, weekly, and other basis. In Chapter 7 we

provide guidance on how to do backups and, in case things really go wrong with

your database, how to restore your old database.

Oracle 11g has many features that are at the leading edge of technology, and

Oracle Rapid Application Clusters (RAC) and Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

are important technology in the order to support the high-availability needs of

today’s applications. Take time in Chapter 8 to become familiar with all of this

technology to ensure that you understand how today’s databases are deployed and

optimized for performance and availability.

Finally, in Chapter 9 we discuss features that apply to large databases. As you

will learn or are already aware, databases are growing at an exponential rate. We

need to use the facilities of the database that address this growth and ensure that we

optimize the investment an organization makes in its Oracle software. This book

closes by discussing many of the features that will become everyday necessities in

your Oracle job.

There is one thing you must keep in mind as you travel around the pages of this

book: Oracle Database 11g is a complex product with many, many more features

and facilities than we can discuss here. We have chosen topics based on our own

experiences of what Oracle customers use 90% of the time, but realize that this is

just the start of a very interesting journey. As we say, “You have to start

somewhere.”

Oracle Database is an exciting product, and one that will provide you with

limitless chances to learn more about it. This book is one of your first steps; we

hope you take from it the curiosity to dig deeper into the topics.

Introduction

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