"MPEG-4 AAC标准文档第四版：音频编码技术"

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)是关于MPEG-4 AAC标准文档的第四版国际标准。该标准由国际标准化组织（ISO/IEC）于2009年9月1日发布，涉及信息技术领域中音视频对象的编码，具体涉及到音频部分的技术。该标准的版权归ISO/IEC所有，未经授权不得复制或进行网络传播。 MPEG-4 AAC标准文档是为了满足当今信息技术领域中音频编码的需求而制定的。随着互联网和移动通信技术的飞速发展，人们对高质量、高效率的音频编码技术的需求也在不断增长。ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)的发布正是为了应对这一需求，提供一套全面、先进的音频编码标准，使得在不同的应用场景下都能实现高质量的音频编码和解码。该标准文档详细描述了MPEG-4 AAC的技术规范和相关参数，包括音频数据的编码、存储和传输等方面的要求。它采用了先进的压缩算法和编码技术，能够在保证音频质量的前提下实现更高的压缩比，从而节省存储空间和传输带宽。 ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)标准文档对MPEG-4 AAC的技术特点进行了全面的介绍，包括其支持的音频格式、采样率、比特率控制、音频通道配置、音频对象类型等。同时，该标准文档还规定了MPEG-4 AAC的解码器应具备的基本功能，以及对音频质量、错误控制、时域和频域等方面的要求。此外，ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)标准文档还对MPEG-4 AAC在不同应用场景下的使用进行了规范，包括广播、移动通信、互联网传输等。这些规范要求MPEG-4 AAC可以在不同的硬件和软件平台上实现高效的编码和解码，以满足各种应用环境下的音频处理需求。总之，ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)标准文档是MPEG-4 AAC音频编码技术的权威指南，它规定了MPEG-4 AAC的技术规范和相关要求，为信息技术领域中音频编码提供了重要的参考依据。这将有助于推动音频编码技术的不断创新和发展，促进高质量音频在多媒体应用中的广泛应用。

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)

Content for Subpart 1

1.1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................3

1.2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................3

1.3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................4

1.4 Symbols and abbreviations........................................................................................................................16

1.4.1 Arithmetic operators ...................................................................................................................................16

1.4.2 Logical operators.........................................................................................................................................17

1.4.3 Relational operators ....................................................................................................................................17

1.4.4 Bitwise operators.........................................................................................................................................18

1.4.5 Assignment ..................................................................................................................................................18

1.4.6 Mnemonics ...................................................................................................................................................18

1.4.7 Constants .....................................................................................................................................................18

1.4.8 Method of describing bitstream payload syntax ......................................................................................19

1.4.9 Arithmetic data types ..................................................................................................................................20

1.5 Technical overview......................................................................................................................................21

1.5.1 MPEG-4 audio object types ........................................................................................................................21

1.5.2 Audio profiles and levels ............................................................................................................................26

1.6 Interface to ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Systems)......................................................................................38

1.6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................38

1.6.2 Syntax ...........................................................................................................................................................38

1.6.3 Semantics .....................................................................................................................................................44

1.6.4 Upstream ......................................................................................................................................................48

1.6.5 Signaling of SBR..........................................................................................................................................50

1.6.6 Signaling of Parametric Stereo (PS) ..........................................................................................................53

1.6.7 Interface between Audio and Systems......................................................................................................57

1.6.8 Signalling of BSAC extension payloads ...................................................................................................58

1.6.9 Original Audio File Information for the ISO Base Media file format .......................................................59

1.7 MPEG-4 Audio transport stream ................................................................................................................63

1.7.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................................63

1.7.2 Synchronization Layer ................................................................................................................................64

1.7.3 Multiplex Layer.............................................................................................................................................67

1.8 Error protection............................................................................................................................................78

1.8.1 Overview of the tools ..................................................................................................................................78

1.8.2 Syntax ...........................................................................................................................................................82

1.8.3 General information.....................................................................................................................................85

1.8.4 Tool description ...........................................................................................................................................88

Annex 1.A (informative) Audio Interchange Formats ..........................................................................................106

1.A.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................106

1.A.2 AAC Interchange formats .........................................................................................................................106

1.A.3 Syntax .........................................................................................................................................................106

1.A.4 Semantic .....................................................................................................................................................109

Annex 1.B (informative) Error protection tool ......................................................................................................111

1.B.1 Example of out-of-band information........................................................................................................111

1.B.2 Example of error concealment .................................................................................................................114

1.B.3 Example of EP tool setting and error concealment for HVXC ..............................................................119

Annex 1.C (informative) Patent statements ..........................................................................................................135

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)

Subpart 1: Main

1.1 Scope

This part of ISO/IEC 14496 (MPEG-4 Audio) is a new kind of audio standard that integrates many different types of

audio coding: natural sound with synthetic sound, low bitrate delivery with high-quality delivery, speech with music,

complex soundtracks with simple ones, and traditional content with interactive and virtual-reality content. By

standardizing individually sophisticated coding tools as well as a novel, flexible framework for audio

synchronization, mixing, and downloaded post-production, the developers of the MPEG-4 Audio standard have

created new technology for a new, interactive world of digital audio.

MPEG-4, unlike previous audio standards created by ISO/IEC and other groups, does not target a single

application such as real-time telephony or high-quality audio compression. Rather, MPEG-4 Audio is a standard

that applies to every application requiring the use of advanced sound compression, synthesis, manipulation, or

playback. The subparts that follow specify the state-of-the-art coding tools in several domains; however, MPEG-4

Audio is more than just the sum of its parts. As the tools described here are integrated with the rest of the MPEG-4

standard, exciting new possibilities for object-based audio coding, interactive presentation, dynamic soundtracks,

and other sorts of new media, are enabled.

Since a single set of tools is used to cover the needs of a broad range of applications, interoperability is a natural

feature of systems that depend on the MPEG-4 Audio standard. A system that uses a particular coder — for

example, a real-time voice communication system making use of the MPEG-4 speech coding toolset — can easily

share data and development tools with other systems, even in different domains, that use the same tool — for

example, a voicemail indexing and retrieval system making use of MPEG-4 speech coding. A multimedia terminal

that can decode the Natural Audio Profile of MPEG-4 Audio has audio capabilities that cover the entire spectrum of

audio functionality available today and into the future.

1.2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,

only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any

amendments) applies.

ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993, Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital

storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s — Part 3: Audio

ITU-T Rec. H.222.0 (05/2006)|ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007, Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures

and associated audio information: Systems

ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998, Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio

information — Part 3: Audio

ISO/IEC 13818-7:2004, Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio

information — Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)

ISO/IEC 14496-1, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems

ISO/IEC 14496-11, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 11: Scene description and

application engine

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:200X(E)

ISO/IEC 14496-23, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 23: Symbolic Music

Representation

ISO/IEC 23003-1, Information technology — MPEG audio technologies — Part 1: MPEG Surround

ITU-T RECOMMENDATION H.223/ANNEX C MULTIPLEXING PROTOCOL FOR LOW BITRATE MULTIMEDIA

COMMUNICATION OVER HIGHLY ERROR_PRONE CHANNELS, April 1998

The Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification, v. 96.2, MIDI Manufacturers Association, 1996

The MIDI Downloadable Sounds Specification, v. 97.1, MIDI Manufacturers Association, 1997

The MIDI Downloadable Sounds Specification, v. 98.2, MIDI Manufacturers Association, 1998

1.3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

1.3.1. AAC: Advanced Audio Coding.

1.3.2. AAC program: A set of main audio channels, coupling channel, lfe channel and associated data streams

intended to be decoded and played back simultaneously. A program may be defined by default, or

specifically by a program_config_element(). A given single_channel_element(), channel_pair_element(),

coupling_channel_element(), lfe_channel_element() or data_stream_element() may accompany one or

more programs in any given stream.

1.3.3. Audio access unit: An individually accessible portion of audio data within an elementary stream.

1.3.4. Audio composition unit: An individually accessible portion of the output that an audio decoder produces

from audio access units.

1.3.5. Absolute time: The time at which sound corresponding to a particular event is really created; time in the

real-world. Contrast score time.

1.3.6. Actual parameter: The expression which, upon evaluation, is passed to an opcode as a parameter

value.

1.3.7. A-cycle: See audio cycle.

1.3.8. Adaptive codebook: An approach to encode the long-term periodicity of the signal. The entries of the

codebook consist of overlapping segments of past excitations.

1.3.9. Alias: Mirrored spectral component resulting from sampling.

1.3.10. Analysis filterbank: Filterbank in the encoder that transforms a broadband PCM audio signal into a set

of spectral coefficients.

1.3.11. Ancillary data: Part of the bitstream payload that might be used for transmission of ancillary data.

1.3.12. API: Application Programming Interface.

1.3.13. A-rate: See audio rate.

1.3.14. Asig: The lexical tag indicating an a-rate variable.

1.3.15. Audio buffer: A buffer in the system target decoder (see ISO/IEC 13818-1) for storage of compressed

audio data.

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009(E)

1.3.16. Audio cycle: The sequence of processing which computes new values for all a-rate expressions in a

particular code block.

1.3.17. Audio rate: The rate type associated with a variable, expression or statement which may generate new

values as often as the sampling rate.

1.3.18. Audio sample: A short snippet or clip of digitally represented sound. Typically used in wavetable

synthesis.

1.3.19. AudioBIFS: The set of tools specified in ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Systems) for the composition of

audio data in interactive scenes.

1.3.20. Authoring: In Structured Audio, the combined processes of creatively composing music and sound

control scripts, creating instruments which generate and alter sound, and encoding the instruments,

control scripts, and audio samples in MPEG-4 Structured Audio format.

1.3.21. Backus-Naur Format: (BNF) A format for describing the syntax of programming languages, used here to

specify the SAOL and SASL syntax.

1.3.22. Backward compatibility: A newer coding standard is backward compatible with an older coding

standard if decoders designed to operate with the older coding standard are able to continue to operate

by decoding all or part of a bitstream payload produced according to the newer coding standard.

1.3.23. Bandwidth scalability: The possibility to change the bandwidth of the signal during transmission.

1.3.24. Bank: A set of samples used together to define a particular sound or class of sounds with wavetable

synthesis.

1.3.25. Bark: The Bark is the standard unit corresponding to one critical band width of human hearing.

1.3.26. Beat: The unit in which score time is measured.

1.3.27. Bitrate: The rate at which the compressed stream is delivered to the input of a decoder.

1.3.28. Bitrate scalability: The possibility to transmit a subset of the bitstream payload and still decode the

bitstream payload with the same decoder.

1.3.29. Bitstream payload verifier: A process by which it is possible to test and verify that all the requirements

specified in ISO/IEC 14496-3 are met by the bitstream payload.

1.3.30. Bitstream; stream: An ordered series of bits that forms the coded representation of the data.

1.3.31. Block companding: Normalizing of the digital representation of an audio signal within a certain time

period.

1.3.32. BNF: See Backus-Naur Format.

1.3.33. BSAC: Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding

1.3.34. Bus: An area in memory which is used to pass the output of one instrument into the input of another.

1.3.35. Byte: Sequence of 8-bits.

1.3.36. Byte aligned: A bit in a data function is byte-aligned if its position is a multiple of 8-bits from the first bit of

this data function.

1.3.37. CELP: Code Excited Linear Prediction.

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ISO/IEC 14496-3:200X(E)

1.3.38. Center channel: An audio presentation channel used to stabilize the central component of the frontal

stereo image.

1.3.39. Channel: A sequence of data representing an audio signal intended to be reproduced at one listening

position.

1.3.40. Coded audio bitstream: A coded representation of an audio signal.

1.3.41. Coded representation: A data element as represented in its encoded form.

1.3.42. Composition (compositing): Using a scene description to mix and combine several separate audio

tracks into a single presentation.

1.3.43. Compression: Reduction in the number of bits used to represent an item of data.

1.3.44. Constant bitrate: Operation where the bitrate is constant from start to finish of the coded bitstream.

1.3.45. Context: See state space.

1.3.46. Control: An instruction used to describe how to use a particular synthesis method to produce sound.

EXAMPLES:

“Using the piano instrument, play middle C at medium volume for 2 seconds.”

“Glissando the violin instrument up to middle C.”

“Turn off the reverberation for 8 seconds.”

1.3.47. Control cycle: The sequence of processing which computes new values for all control-rate expressions

in a particular code block.

1.3.48. Control period: The length of time (typically measured in audio samples) corresponding to the control

rate.

1.3.49. Control rate: (1) The rate at which instantiation and termination of instruments, parametric control of

running instrument instances, sharing of global variables, and other non-sample-by-sample computation

occurs in a particular orchestra. (2) The rate type of variables, expressions, and statements that can

generate new values as often as the control rate.

1.3.50. Core coder: The term core coder is used to denote a base layer coder in certain scalability

configurations. A core coder does not code the spectral samples of the MDCT filterbank of the

subsequent AAC coding layers, but operates on a time domain signal. The output of the core decoder

has to be up-sampled and transformed into the spectral domain, before it can be combined with the

output of the AAC coding layers. Within the MPEG-4 Audio standard only the MPEG-4 CELP coder is a

valid core coder. However, in principle, another AAC coding layer, operating at a lower sampling rate,

could also be used on the time domain signal, and then combined with the other coding layer in exactly

the same way as described for the CELP coder, and would therefore be called a core coder.

1.3.51. CRC: The Cyclic Redundancy Check to verify the correctness of data.

1.3.52. Critical band: This unit of bandwidth represents the standard unit of bandwidth expressed in human

auditory terms, corresponding to a fixed length on the human cochlea. It is approximately equal to 100 Hz

at low frequencies and 1/3 octave at higher frequencies, above approximately 700 Hz.

1.3.53. Data element: An item of data as represented after encoding and before decoding.

1.3.54. Data function: An encapsulation of data elements forming a logic unit.

1.3.55. Decoded stream: The decoded reconstruction of a compressed bitstream.

1.3.56. Decoder: An embodiment of a decoding process.

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