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Tomasz Tkaczyk的《显微镜使用指南》：SPIE经典收藏

SPIE

Microscopy

Guide

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"《显微镜指南：基础知识手册》（Field Guide to Microscopy）是由Tomasz S. Tkaczyk撰写的经典之作，收录于SPIE的经典系列——Field Guide Volume FG13。这本书由John E. Greivenkamp担任系列编辑，旨在为显微镜领域的学习者和专业人士提供详尽的指导。它不仅涵盖了显微技术的基础知识，还包括了实践操作、仪器选择、成像原理以及高级应用等内容。该书作为图书馆学目录的一项，拥有LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number) 2009049648，这表明它已经经过美国国会图书馆的官方记录和分类。ISBN 978-0-8194-7246-5是本书的国际标准书号，便于读者在全球范围内查找和购买。《显微镜指南》共分为多个章节，从入门级的显微镜构造、工作原理，到实际操作中的样品制备、聚焦技巧，再到高级主题如数字显微镜、共聚焦显微镜和超分辨率成像技术，均有深入浅出的阐述。此外，书中还包含了丰富的参考资料和索引，方便读者在需要时快速查找所需信息。作者Tomasz S. Tkaczyk以其深厚的学术背景和实践经验，确保了这本书的信息准确性和实用性。然而，尽管作者尽了最大努力提供可靠的信息，但出版商SPIE强调所有内容仅供参考，不承担因依赖本书信息而导致的任何结果的责任。《显微镜指南》由SPIE出版社发行，其联系方式包括电话、传真和电子邮件，同时提供了网站链接，便于读者获取更多最新资讯或联系作者。版权方面，该书受SPIE的严格保护，未经许可，任何形式的复制或分发都是禁止的。《显微镜指南》是一本不可或缺的工具书，对于任何希望深入了解显微技术的人来说，无论是初学者还是资深研究人员，都能从中获得宝贵的知识和技能。"

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Microscopy: Basic Concepts

Nature of Light

Optics uses two approaches, termed the particle and wave

models, to describe the nature of light. The former arises

from atomic structure, where the transitions between energy

levels are quantized. Electrons can be excited into higher

energy levels via external processes with the release of a

discrete quantum of energy (a photon) upon their decay to a

lower level.

The wave model complements this corpuscular theory and

explains optical effects involving diffraction and interference.

The wave and particle models can be related through the

frequency of oscillations, with the relationship between

quanta of energy and frequency given by





[in eV or J],

where h = 4.135667×10

–15

[eV·s] = 6.626068×10

–34

[J·s] is

Planck’s constant, and  is the frequency of light [Hz].

The frequency  of a wave is the reciprocal of its period T [s]:



The period T

[s] corresponds

to one cycle of

a wave or, if

defined in

terms of the

distance

required to

perform one

full oscillation, describes the wavelength of light λ [m]. The

velocity of light in free space is 2.99792 × 10

m/s and is

defined as the distance traveled in one period (λ) divided by

the time taken (T):

c 



Note that wavelength is often measured indirectly as time T

required to pass the distance between wave oscillations.

The relationship for the velocity of light c can be rewritten in

terms of wavelength and frequency as







Time (t)

Distance (z)

Microscopy: Basic Concepts

The Spectrum of Microscopy

The range of electromagnetic radiation is called the

electromagnetic spectrum. Various microscopy techniques

employ wavelengths spanning from x-ray radiation and

ultraviolet radiation (UV) through the visible spectrum

(VIS) to infrared radiation (IR). The wavelength in

combination with the microscope parameters determines the

resolution limit of the microscope (0.61λ/NA). The smallest

feature resolved using light microscopy and determined by

diffraction is approximately 200 nm for UV light with a high

numerical aperture (for more details, see Resolution Limit on

page 39). However, recently emerging super-resolution

techniques overcome this barrier, and features are

observable in the 20–50 nm range.

0.1 nm

1.0 nm

10.0 nm

100.0 nm

1.0 μm

10.0 μm

100.0 μm

gamma rays

(ν ~ 3

X10

Hz)

X rays

(ν ~ 3

X10

Hz)

Ultraviolet

(ν ~ 8

X10

Hz)

Visible

(ν ~ 6

X10

Hz)

Infrared

(ν ~ 3

X10

Hz)

Resolution Limit of

Human Eye

Limit of Classical

Light Microscopy

Limit of Light Microscopy

with superresolution techniques

Limit of Electron Microscopy

Ephithelial Cells

Red Blood Cells

Bacteria

Viruses

Proteins

DNA / RNA

Atoms

Frequency / Wavelength / Object Type

380.0 nm

750.0 nm

Microscopy: Basic Concepts

Wave Equations

Maxwell’s equations describe the propagation of an

electromagnetic wave. For homogenous and isotropic media,

magnetic (H) and electric (E) components of an

electromagnetic field can be described by the wave equations

derived from Maxwell’s equations:

εμ 0











εμ 0











where  is a dielectric constant, i.e., medium

permittivity while µ is a magnetic permeability:

mor

εεε



mor

μ = μμ

Indices r, m, and o stand for relative, media, or vacuum,

respectively.

The above equations indicate that the time variation of the

electric field and the current density creates a time-varying

magnetic field. Variations in the magnetic field induce a

time-varying electric field. Both fields depend on each other

and compose an electromagnetic wave. Magnetic and electric

components can be separated.

H Field

E Field

The electric component of an electromagnetic wave has

primary significance for the phenomenon of light. This is

because the magnetic component cannot be measured with

optical detectors. Therefore, the magnetic component is most

often neglected, and the electric vector



is called a light

vector.

Microscopy: Basic Concepts

Wavefront Propagation

Light propagating through isotropic media conforms to the

equation





sinEA tkz



 

where t is time, z is distance along the direction of

propagation, and  is an angular frequency given by



 



The term kz is called the phase of light, while 

is an

initial phase. In addition, k represents the wave number

(equal to 2/λ) and V

is the velocity of light in media:

2π

kz nz

The above propagation equation pertains to the special case

when the electric field vector varies only in one plane.

The refractive index of the dielectric media n describes the

relationship between the speed of light in a vacuum and in

media. It is



where c is the speed of light in vacuum.

An alternative way to describe the propagation of an electric

field is with an exponential (complex) representation:





expEA itkz









This form allows the easy separation of phase components of

an electromagnetic wave.

/ω

Microscopy: Basic Concepts

Optical Path Length (OPL)

Fermat’s principle states that “The path traveled by a

light wave from a point to another point is stationary with

respect to variations of this path.” In practical terms, this

means that light travels along the minimum time path.

Optical path length (OPL) is related to the time required

for light to travel from point P1 to point P2. It accounts for

the media density through the refractive index:

t 

nds



OPL  nds



where

 dx

 dy

 dz

Optical path length can also be discussed in the context of

the number of periods required to propagate a certain

distance L. In a medium with refractive index n, light slows

down and more wave cycles are needed. Therefore, OPL is an

equivalent path for light traveling with the same number of

periods in a vacuum:

nLOPL



Optical path difference

(OPD) is the difference

between optical path lengths

traversed by two light waves:

2211

LnLnOPD





OPD can also be expressed as

a phase difference:

OPD

  



n = 1

> 1

剩余153页未读，继续阅读

总结“Structural properties of the thermoelectric material CuCrS2 and of deintercalated CuxCrS2 on different length scales: X-ray diffraction, pair distribution function and transmission electron microscopy studies”这篇文献的详细内容

这篇文献主要讨论了热电材料CuCrS2和去插层CuxCrS2在不同长度尺度上的结构特性，包括X射线衍射、配对分布函数和透射电子显微镜研究。具体内容包括材料的晶体结构、晶格参数、原子位置、晶体缺陷等方面的分析。

3.简述电镜（TEM和SEM）成像的原理。

电子显微镜（Electron microscopy，EM）是利用电子束与样品相互作用，获取高分辨率图像的一种显微镜技术。主要有透射电子显微镜（Transmission electron microscopy，TEM）和扫描电子显微镜（Scanning electron ...

有关半导体照明microLED发表在Top期刊中的文章，要求在2020年后发表的，至少30篇，并用中文简单介绍一下它们的内容

22. "Micro-LEDs on Transparent Substrates for Wearable Displays and Microscopy": 该文章讲述了一种基于透明基板的微型LED，用于可穿戴显示和显微镜。 23. "High-Efficiency InGaN/GaN micro-LEDs with Large ...

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