IP-Link 1000(B) ZigBee网络组建手册

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"IP-Link 1000(B)组建ZigBee网络使用手册" 这份用户手册详细介绍了如何使用IP-Link 1000(B)模块来组建ZigBee网络。IP-Link 1000(B)是一款嵌入式的无线模块，由Helicomm公司制造。手册的版本号为1.1.0，这意味着它可能包含了自初次发布（2004年7月11日）以来的一些改进和新增功能。Helicomm是一家位于加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德的公司，其产品线包括IPWINS、IP-Link、WIN-Gate以及IP-Net等，这些都可能是该公司其他相关无线通信产品的商标。 ZigBee是一种基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的无线通信技术，主要用于低功耗设备之间的短距离通信，如智能家居、物联网(IoT)设备等。ZigBee联盟是推广和管理该技术的组织，其商标代表了符合该标准的产品和服务。手册的内容可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **产品概述**：介绍IP-Link 1000(B)的基本功能、规格和特点，包括其在ZigBee网络中的作用，可能是作为路由器或协调器。 2. **安装与配置**：指导用户如何物理安装模块，并通过特定的配置工具或界面设置网络参数，如信道选择、网络ID（Pan ID）和设备地址等。 3. **网络拓扑**：解释ZigBee网络的星型、网状和树形拓扑结构，以及IP-Link 1000(B)在不同拓扑中的工作方式。 4. **连接设备**：描述如何将其他ZigBee兼容设备接入网络，可能包括设备认证、连接过程和故障排查步骤。 5. **安全设置**：说明如何确保网络的安全性，可能涉及加密方法、访问控制和防止未授权访问。 6. **性能优化**：提供关于提高网络稳定性和传输效率的建议，如调整传输功率、选择最佳通信路径等。 7. **故障排除**：列出可能遇到的问题及解决方案，帮助用户诊断和修复网络问题。 8. **法规信息**：包含联邦通信委员会（FCC）的相关信息，例如射频（RF）识别编号RF2IP-LINK1000，以及关于电磁兼容性和辐射发射的合规性说明。 9. **版本历史**：列出手册的修订记录，便于用户了解每个版本的更新内容，比如V1.1.0增加了升级指南。通过这份手册，用户应能全面掌握IP-Link 1000(B)模块的使用方法，从而有效地构建和管理自己的ZigBee网络。

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Version 1.1.0 Theory of Networking Operations

This does not imply that an offline End node can still receive a message. It simply cannot. A message

delivered during an End node’s sleep will just disappear. The successful delivery of this message will

rely either on buffering at intermediate router nodes, or an end-to-end retransmission by the message

originator.

3.3 Wireless Networking Topologies

In this section, we describe the key distinctions between “connectivity” and “routing” topologies to

establish the basic framework of wireless network design. We then describe the working details,

benefits, and constraints and recommended use case scenarios for the several routing options the IP-

Link 1000 supports. This section provides a conceptual platform for readers before they use IP-Link

1000 to build wireless networks.

3.3.1 Connectivity Topology Versus Routing Topology

While the generic phrase network topologies suggests wires or cables connecting a host with

communicating nodes, wireless communication modules like the IP-Link 1000 use a wireless

broadcast medium to communicate. The IP-Link 1000 is a low-power transceiver module optimized for

low-cost and power consumption. So rather than transmitting at high power or have a huge antenna to

improve receiver sensitivity, a single IP-Link 1000 transmits at relatively low power (10mW) and, in

some applications, requires message routing capability to cover a larger area. And because of the

broadcast nature of any transmission, it is important to realize the differences between connectivity

topology and messaging topology.

Connectivity topology refers to the interconnect patterns at the

link level. In a wired network, topology refers to the physical

wiring patterns among the nodes. Bus segments or point-to-point

links are some common connectivity topologies seen in Local

Area Networks (LAN) or Wide Area Networks (WAN). In

contrast, the connectivity pattern of a wireless network is usually

visualized as overlapping radio circles or spheres, as illustrated

here. The RF sphere implies both range and channelization,

which means nodes with overlapping bubbles are directly

connected with one another.

So when considering a connectivity topology, the designer is

usually concerned with design parameters such as overall coverage area, nodal density, and the

transmission / reception characteristics of the transceiver modules, which frequently change due to

changing external conditions and variables such as trucks, walls, trees, and other RF emitters.

On the other hand, a routing topology is a routing pattern over a multi-hop network. It describes an

imaginary wiring diagram, weaving together all network nodes, allowing any arbitrary point to initiate a

message (either unicast or multicast) to any fellow node in the network. A routing topology is

constrained by the underlying connectivity topology. But for some connectivity topology patterns in

which multiple routing options are available (like most wireless networks), selecting the optimal routing

topology for your network can be a challenge.

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Helicomm, Inc.

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Version 1.1.0 Theory of Networking Operations

Scenario 1: Linear Network

Let us examine a linear or “chain fence”

scenario, in which any radio can only

reach two immediate neighbors in

opposite direction. In this extreme case,

the choice of routing topology is constrained by the connectivity because there is only one

deterministic way of getting a message from point A to point B in the whole network. This topology is

common in pipeline monitoring applications and some traffic management and parking meter

applications.

Scenario 2: Fully Meshed Network

In this scenario, we increase the size of the RF sphere and

make some changes to the relative position. Now one can

see that the new connectivity topology offers a wider array

of routing options. In this particular diagram, each node will

have at least two or more paths to reach a particular

destination. Suddenly, the routing topology is no longer a

simple choice.

As illustrated in this scenario, routing topology decision for

a low-power radio network involves the balance of many

design objectives. The wireless network itself is a dynamic

system, interacting with its environment incessantly.

People movement, intermittent use of electrical

appliances, and outside interference sources are all

affecting the bubble size. Further complicating the decision

process is the design objective to conserve battery

consumption for battery-operated devices.

IP-Link 1000’s rich wireless routing algorithm is designed to simplify the decision process and expedite

the deployment of a reliable, inexpensive wireless infrastructure. Its feature-rich and flexible

networking capability aims to provide the network designers with sufficient alternatives and

performance margin to easily come to a “just-right” routing topology to adapt to or even overcome the

constraints imposed by underlying connectivity topologies.

The routing topology decision usually consists of answering the following series of questions:

1. Worst-case and average-case connectivity topologies: What type of installation density do your

applications call for (e.g., what is the longest and average distance between my devices), and

what is the surrounding environment’s conditions?

2. Evaluate routing alternatives: selecting from one of the topologies discussed from the rest of this

chapter. Based on the information from (1), select a core routing topology that meets your design

objectives.

3. Fine-tune routing alternatives by selectively upgrading potential weak spots and balancing against

power/resource design constraints.

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Helicomm, Inc.

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Version 1.1.0 Theory of Networking Operations

3.3.2 Star Topology

Like its name suggests, a star routing topology is actually

a hub-and-spoke system in which data traffic and network

commands are routed through a central node, the

Master. In this routing topology, peripheral nodes require

direct radio contact with the Master, and interference or

the failure of a specific node can render the network less

reliable, as each node provides a single point of failure.

To construct a star network using IP-Link 1000, only one

IP-Link 1000 module needs to be configured as a Master

node, as defined in Section 3.2.1. The remaining IP-Link

1000 modules can be programmed as an End node, as

described in Section 3.2.3.

The most significant benefit of a star routing topology is its

simplicity. The simplicity translates into very low-overhead protocol implementation, much lower overall

device cost, very low-overhead routing information, and ease of administration. The central Master

node can also assume many administrative roles such as certificate authority for authentication,

remote management gateway, etc.

But the simplicity comes at a price of flexibility. Because of the requirement to put every single end

node within the reach of the Master node, the overall network coverage is limited. And star topology

networks cannot scale up easily to accommodate high-density deployment. The concentrated

message routing towards the Master node can easily create a hot spot and lead to congestion, packet

loss, and performance degradation, depending on the data traffic profile.

The star topology is by far the most common architecture deployed today, and it is well suited for a

variety of remote monitoring and control applications that don’t need or can’t afford the cost and

complexity overhead of a more sophisticated network topology.

3.3.3 Cluster Tree Topology

In a nutshell, cluster tree is an aggregation of multiple star topologies. Several stars are chained

together to span a much wider area, just like branches and sub-branches in their botanical

counterparts. Also known as spanning tree topology, cluster tree is a natural networking and routing

pattern that is widely in use in today’s communication networks.

From a technical perspective, a cluster tree is the simplest topology that can really support network-

wide multi-hop messaging services. In support of the networking function, a cluster tree must

accomplish several key services at the network layer. First, a cluster tree network must provide a

dynamic address allocation scheme so that new-coming nodes can attach themselves to the network

and be recognized by other existing nodes. Second, each node in the cluster tree topology must make

minimal routing decision, based on the addresses of sender and receiver, in support of message

forwarding. Finally, a practical cluster tree network must provide configurable span attributes to specify

how much resource a wireless network device can dedicate to support a tree topology. These span

attributes include maximum level of depths and maximum number of children allowed. For the

embedded wireless networking that the IP-Link 1000 modules are designed for, all these capabilities

are provided in its embedded firmware for the users’ convenience.

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Helicomm, Inc.

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Version 1.1.0 Theory of Networking Operations

The cluster tree topology most noticeably preserves the simplicity of a star topology: low-overhead

routing information, low-to-moderate device memory requirement, and, thus, cost. The new multi-hop

capability eliminates the limited ranges by low-power RF transceivers. It allows network architects and

application developers to cover a wider premise without necessarily relying on high-power, long-range

radios. Finally, cluster tree topology is a highly efficient topology for disseminating network-wide one-

to-all or one-to-many messages. Its inherent multicast and broadcast support can provide an elegant

solution to applications that require such a group communication mechanism.

Cluster tree, however, does not adapt well to dynamic environment. Its routing mechanism is simplistic

and cannot adjust itself easily to very volatile RF environment. Careful readers may find out that, over

a cluster tree, one and only one message relaying path exists between any pair of source and

destination. Any disruption or failure along this deterministic path means a disconnected network.

And because this deterministic path travels through nodes in a pre-programmed fashion, the

messaging latency can be high despite the fact two communicating nodes are within range.

Cluster tree topologies are best used for range extension in a stable RF environment. They are also

valuable in aggregating a multitude of simple, low-volume data sources (such as sensors.) If your

applications require relative range extension with modest networking performance, cluster tree can be

a simple topology for your consideration.

3.3.4 Peer-to-peer (Mesh) Topology

Peer-to-peer, also known as mesh networking, is a free-form

topology designed to be highly adaptive to the environment.

Each node in an IP-Link 1000 mesh network is a little router

capable of re-assessing its routing decisions to provide the

most robust, reliable network infrastructure possible. After

configured as a mesh node (RN+ or Master), each IP-Link

1000 is capable of monitoring surrounding RF conditions,

neighboring node activities, and end-to-end packet error rate

statistics to adjust its local routing decisions on the fly. Such

adaptability is extremely valuable to network designs that are

facing uncertain or unpredictable link conditions.

Mesh topology uses both the RF broadcast nature as well as a set of route inquiry and maintenance

commands to dynamically update the distributed routing information across the entire network. The

mesh protocol supported by IP-Link 1000 is similar to Ad hoc On-Demand Vector (AODV) routing, in

which the node originating a message is responsible for establishing a suitable route by querying its

immediate neighbors. The route queries process gradually ripples through the network until the

destination confirms connectivity and initiates a reply. Such reply now ripples backwards toward the

originator, accumulating vital routing statistics along its way. Finally, the originating node receives the

most up-to-date route information and makes a routing decision based on that information. The newly

computed routing information will age within a certain window and mandate new route computation

after it expires to ensure route decision is based on fresh information.

Mesh is ideal for highly unstructured network deployment. When the deployment premise is open and

potential interference sources or barriers are anticipated, mesh topology is a reliable way of ensuring

IP-Link 1000 User Manual Version 1.1.0

Helicomm, Inc.

Page 10

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