探索F#：深度挖掘函数优先编程

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"F# Deep Dives (Only Chapter 3 available)" 是一本正在撰写中的书籍，可在Manning出版社的MEAP（Manning Early Access Program）上查看已完成的章节。该书着重探讨了F#编程语言在实际开发中的深度应用。开放的第3章作为样例，展示了F#的一些实用特性。在本书中，作者Tomas Petricek和Phillip Trelford通过四个主要部分，详细介绍了如何利用F#进行高效开发： 1. **Succeeding with functional-first languages in the industry**：这部分讨论了函数式编程语言在工业界的应用优势，F#作为一门兼顾函数式和面向对象特性的语言，如何帮助开发者解决实际问题，提高代码质量，并阐述了在企业级项目中采用F#的理由和策略。 2. **Developing domain models and numerical calculations**：这部分包含了第2章“Calculating cumulative binomial distributions”，介绍了如何使用F#进行统计计算和概率分析，包括累积二项分布的计算方法。这显示了F#在处理数学和统计问题上的强大能力。 3. **Developing analytical components**：这部分涵盖第4章“Numerical computing in the financial domain”和第5章“Understanding social networks”。第4章讨论了F#在金融领域的数值计算应用，可能涉及金融模型的构建、风险评估等。第5章则探讨了如何使用F#分析社交网络数据，这可能涉及到复杂的数据挖掘和图算法。 4. **Developing complete systems**：这部分包括第7章“Developing rich user interfaces using the MVC pattern”，第8章“Asynchronous and agent-based Programming”，第9章“Creating games using XNA”以及第10章“Building social web applications”。这些章节详细讲解了如何利用F#构建丰富的用户界面，实现异步编程，开发游戏，以及构建社交网络应用程序。 5. **Integrating F#**：最后的第11章“F# in the enterprise”讨论了如何在企业环境中集成F#，包括与其他技术栈的互操作性、部署策略以及团队协作的考虑。 "F# Deep Dives" 旨在通过深入实例和实践案例，帮助读者掌握F#在各种软件开发场景中的应用技巧，无论是数据科学、系统架构，还是游戏开发或企业级应用。书中提供的示例代码和解析将有助于提升开发者对F#语言的理解和使用水平。对于对函数式编程感兴趣，尤其是对F#有兴趣的英文读者来说，这本书是一份宝贵的资源。

The following sample demonstrates some of the syntax:

Visual F# #1

=========

F# is a **programming language** that supports _functional_, as #2

well as _object-oriented_ and _imperative_ programming styles. #2

Hello world can be written as follows: #2

printfn "Hello world!" #3

For more information, see the [F# home page] (http://fsharp.net) or

read [Real-World Func tional Programming](http://manning.com/petricek)

published by [Manning](http://manning.com).

#1 First-level heading

#2 Paragraph with bold and italics

#3 Embedded code sample

The document above consists of four block elements. It starts with a heading (#1). The

separator “=” is used for first-level headings. You can also create second-level headings using

“-” as a separator. An alternative style uses a certain number of “#” characters at the

beginning of the line; for example, ## Example is a second-level heading.

The second block is a paragraph (#2), followed by a code sample (#3) and one more

paragraph. The text in paragraphs is formatted using ** (strong) and _ (emphasis). Both

asterisks and underscores can be used for strong and emphasized text—one character means

emphasis and two characters means strong text. You can also create hyperlinks, which is

demonstrated by the last line.

From a programming language perspective, formats such as Markdown can be viewed as

domain-specific languages (DSLs).

Meta: external domain-specific languages

The term domain-specific languages (DSLs) refers to programming languages that are designed to

solve problems in a particular domain or field. DSLs are useful when you need to solve a large

number of problems of the same class. In that case, the time spent developing the DSL will be

balanced out by the time you save when using the DSL to solve particular problems.

DSLs can be categorized into two groups. Internal DSLs are embedded in another language (like F#

or C#). Functions from the List module with the pipelining operator (|>) can be viewed as a DSL.

They solve a specific problem—list processing—and solve it very well without other dependencies.

External DSLs are languages that aren’t constructed on top of other languages. They may be used

as embedded strings (for example, regular expressions or SQL) or as standalone files (including

Markdown, configuration files, Makefile, or behavior specifications using languages such as

©Manning Publications Co. We welcome reader comments about anything in the manuscript - other than typos and

other simple mistakes. These will be cleaned up during production of the book by copyeditors and proofreaders.

http://www.manning-sandbox.com/forum.jspa?forumID=847

Cucumber

). In this chapter, we’ll focus on this class of DSLs. As the examples demonstrate, the

application range for external DSLs is very broad.

Now that I’ve introduced the Markdown format and DSLs in general, let’s look at a number of

benefits that you can expect from a Markdown parser written in F#.

3.1.2 Why another Markdown parser?

Markdown is a well-established format and there are a number of existing tools that convert it

to HTML. Most of these are written using regular expressions, and there are implementations

for almost any platform, including .NET. So why do we need yet another processor? Here are a

few reasons:

• Creating a custom syntax extension for Markdown is quite difficult when using an

implementation based on regular expressions. It’s hard to find where the syntax is

being processed, and changing a regular expression can lead to various unexpected

interactions.

• Most of the tools transform Markdown directly to HTML. This makes it hard to add a

custom processing step, such as one that processes all code samples in the document

before generating HTML.

• HTML is the only supported output. What if you wanted to turn Markdown documents

into another document format, such as Word or LaTeX.

• Performing a single regular expression replacement may be quite efficient, but if the

processor performs a huge number of them, the code can get quite CPU-intensive. A

custom implementation may give you better performance.

As discussed in chapter 1, languages like F# often let you implement better algorithms,

because they allow you to tackle more complex problems. This is exactly what we’ll do in this

chapter—we’ll implement a new parser that’s more extensible and readable. The key element

of the solution is an elegant functional representation of the document structure.

3.2 Representing Markdown documents

When solving problems in functional languages, the first question you often need to answer is,

“What data structures do I need to represent the data that I work with?” In case of a

Markdown processor, the data structure represents a document, and as discussed earlier, a

document consists of blocks of different kinds. Some of the blocks (like a paragraph) may

contain additional inline formatting and hyperlinks (see figure 2).

For more information, see chapter 12, which discusses behavior-driven development (BDD).

other simple mistakes. These will be cleaned up during production of the book by copyeditors and proofreaders.

http://www.manning-sandbox.com/forum.jspa?forumID=847

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