3
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1: ISAC system with co-located mmWave radar sensor and
communication base station. (a) provides a front view representation
of the system, showing analog communication beams on the vertical
direction at the BS, and highlighting the radar slant-range plane used
for radar imaging. (b) shows a top view of the system, depicting
analog communication beams on the horizontal direction at the BS.
simulation software Remcom Wireless InSite [29] and
Remcom WaveFarer [30]—used, respectively, for high-
fidelity wireless channel and radar channel simulations.
The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the
reference communication system, channel model, and radar
signal models; Section IV introduces the proposed beamspace
Target-to-User association method relying on DL-based radar
target detection and beam prediction; Section V details the
simulation framework and shows the achieved results, while
Section VI reports the conclusions.
Notation
Matrices are denoted by bold upper-case letters, while
lower-case letters describe column vectors. A
T
, A
∗
, A
H
and
∥A∥ indicate, respectively, the matrix transpose, conjugate,
conjugate transpose and Frobenius norm. A Gaussian multi-
variate circularly complex random variable a is denoted With
a ∼ CN(µ, C) with mean µ and covariance C. R and C
represent the sets of real and complex numbers, respectively.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
Let us consider the downlink ISAC system depicted in
Fig. 1, where a BS is equipped with a mmWave MIMO
Fig. 2: Hybrid MIMO sub-connected Tx. architecture.
radar for sensing and a hybrid sub-connected MIMO array
for communication. Fig. 1 depicts the ISAC system over
two different views, highlighting the radar placement and the
analog communication beams at the BS. In the following, we
detail the model of the communication system and of the radar
system.
A. Communication system model
We consider a hybrid mmWave MIMO system where the BS
is equipped with a planar antenna array with N
T
= N
h
T
×N
v
T
antenna elements (along horizontal and vertical directions,
respectively) and N
RF
T
RF chains and is using N
S
data
streams to communicate with K VEs. Each VE is equipped
with a planar antenna array with N
R
= N
h
R
× N
v
R
antenna
elements and N
RF
R
RF chains. A sub-connected hybrid MIMO
configuration is considered, where the antennas are grouped
into sub-arrays of N
B
T
= N
T
/N
RF
T
and N
B
R
= N
R
/N
RF
R
antenna elements at the BS and at the VEs, respectively.
The transmitted N
S
complex-valued symbols are such that
s ∈ C
N
S
×1
∼ CN (0, I
N
S
/N
S
), and they are spatially
precoded using the cascade of digital and analog precoders
F = F
RF
F
BB
, where F
BB
∈ C
N
RF
T
×N
S
is the base-band
digital precoder and F
RF
∈ C
N
T
×N
RF
T
is the RF analog
counterpart, obtaining the time-discrete transmitted signal
x = F s. (1)
We assume analog precoding F
RF
implemented with phased
shifters. Hence, its elements are constrained to have the
same norm, i.e., [F
(i)
RF
F
(i),H
RF
]
k,k
= 1/N
T
. Moreover, the Tx
total power constraint is enforced by designing F
BB
such
that ∥F
RF
F
BB
∥
2
= N
S
[31]. In the sub-connected hybrid
configuration, depicted in Fig. 2, the analog precoding matrix
F
RF
is block-diagonal
F
RF
=
f
(1)
RF
0 ··· 0
0 f
(2)
RF
··· 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 ··· 0 f
(N
RF
T
)
RF
, (2)
where 0 ∈ C
N
B
T
×1
is a vector with zero-elements and f
(n)
RF
∈
C
N
B
T
×1
, n = 1, . . . , N
RF
T
denotes the precoding vector for
the n-th Tx sub-array.
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