66
MR
Testing
and
Evaluation
the parallels between the Leiter and the range and functions of the Stanford-Binet ver-
bal scales, this scale has become a popular tool for testing the multiple-handicapped,
notably the mentally retarded (severe to mild ranges) with no speech.
More recent tests used with special populations (developmentally disabled and
physically handicapped) and influenced by the Stanford-Binet include the Vineland Social
Maturity Scale
(1
947),
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
(1 959),
Slosson Intelligence
Test
(1961),
Bayley Scale of Infant Development
(1969),
and the Adaptive Behavior
Scale
(1969),
among others.
The Vineland Social Maturity Scale (Doll,
1965),
first formulated in
1935
(experimen-
tal status) at the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey, is yet another adaptation
of the Stanford-Binet. The scale is designed specifically for the mentally retarded, at-
tempting to measure the client’s degree of social adaptation (activities of daily living,
receptive and expressive language skills, fine and gross motor development). The scale
relies on informant input and not on direct client participation. Eight areas are assessed:
self-help, general; self-help, eating; self-help, dressing; self-direction; occupation; com-
munication; locomotion; and socialization. Like the Gesell, the Vineland does not claim
to generate an IQ score in itself; instead, it offers a social age (SA), a social quotient
(SQ) and a life age (LA). Using the ratio IQ format, the
SQ
=
SA/LA
x
100.
Clearly,
the
SA
corresponds to the Stanford-Binet’s mental age (MA) concept, and the SQ is
similar to the intelligence quotient (IQ), while the
LA
is the equivalent of the
chronological age
(CA).
Indeed, the Vineland claims: “that our
SA’s
are statistically
and methodologically comparable to Binet MA’s and our SQ’s to Binet IQ”” (Doll,
1965,
p.15).
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was first available commercially in
1959
(Dunn,
1959).
It was intended as an alternative to the Stanford-Binet adapted to serve
the physically
Oi
language handicapped, English-speaking client. The initial version con-
sisted of 150 plates, each comprised of four pictures. The examiner provided a stimulus
word orally while the client selected the corresponding picture from the four visual stimuli
presented on the plate. The original PPVT covered an age range from
2%
through
18
years and incorporated such standard Stanford-Binet concepts as basal and ceiling. It
did, however, use the Wechsler deviation IQ format instead of the ratio IQ still employed
by the Binet at that time.
The
1981
revision (PPVT-R) expanded the upper limit of the age range to
40
(age
2%
through
40),
changed its form format from forms A and
B
to forms L and
M,
changed the terms “mental age” and “intelligence quotient” to “age equivalent” and “stand-
ard score equivalent,” and added
25
items to each form. Indicating the relationship be-
tween the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Stanford-Binet, Dunn posits:
“To
evaluate the original PPVT, both the second
(1937)
and third
(1960)
editions of the
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale have been employed extensively. In fact, they have
been used as the standard more than any other measure” (Dunn,
1981).
Regarding the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT), Dunn claims that: “the Slosson In-
telligence Test
is
really an abbreviated Stanford-Binet.
.
.”
(Dunn,
1981,
p.64).
The SIT
was introduced in
1961
by Richard L. Slosson
(1981);
it incorporated elements of both
the Stanford-Binet and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Like the Binet, the early
Slosson utilized both an age scale and ratio and both
1961
and
1981
versions rely on
informant input, much like the Vineland. The
1981
version is a direct consequence
of
changes made in the
1972
Stanford-Binet. The revised SIT now uses the
2
through
18
chronological age range (previously ages
2
through
16),
as well as the deviation IQ