智能设备间通信： Springer专著探索D2D技术

智能设备

交互技术

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"《智能设备交互技术 Springer.Smart Device to Smart Device Communication.2014.pdf》是由Shahid Mumtaz和Jonathan Rodriguez编辑的一本书，深入探讨了授权频段上的设备到设备（D2D）通信的前沿理念。书中涵盖了D2D通信的完整系统级模拟器，用于分析提出的协议和算法，并展示了实际生活中的应用案例。" 智能设备交互技术，特别是D2D（Device-to-Device）通信，是物联网领域的一个关键组成部分，它允许智能设备之间直接进行通信，无需经过传统的网络基础设施，如基站。这种技术具有提高网络效率、降低延迟、增强数据传输能力以及在紧急情况下提供通信路径等优点。在物联网(IoT)中，D2D通信能够实现设备间的直接信息交换，例如，智能手表可以与智能手机共享健康监测数据，或者智能家居设备之间共享能源管理信息。这种直接的交互方式可以减少对中央服务器的依赖，降低网络拥塞，并且在覆盖范围有限或网络资源紧张的环境下提供更好的服务。书中详细介绍了D2D通信的系统级模拟器，这是一个重要的工具，用于研究和评估新的通信协议和算法。通过模拟真实世界的情况，研究人员和工程师可以预测并优化这些技术在实际部署时的性能。此外，书中还包含了一系列实际应用和使用案例，这有助于读者理解D2D通信如何应用于现实生活中的各种场景，如应急通信、多媒体分发、社交网络和智能交通系统。 D2D通信技术的发展也涉及到安全和隐私问题，因为直接的设备间通信可能增加数据泄露的风险。书中的讨论可能包括如何设计安全机制，如加密和身份验证，以保护用户信息的安全，防止未经授权的访问和干扰。《智能设备交互技术》提供了对D2D通信的全面理解，涵盖了其技术原理、系统设计、模拟与分析方法，以及现实世界的应用。这本书对于物联网领域的研究人员、工程师、政策制定者以及对该领域感兴趣的读者来说，都是一份宝贵的参考资料，有助于推动智能设备交互技术的进步和广泛应用。

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3 D2D-Based Cellular Communication

In D2D communication, devices communicate with each other without interme-

diate nodes. D2D communication uses cellular spectrum (license band) supported

by a cellular infrastructure and promises three types of gain: (a) the proximity of

user equipments (UE) may allow for extremely high bit rates, low delays, and low

energy consumption [2, 3]; (b) the reuse gain implies that radio resources may be

simultaneously used by cellular as well as D2D links, tightening the reuse factor so

that the same spectral resource can be used more than once within the same cell

[2]; (c) ﬁnally, there is a gain from not having to use both an uplink (UL) and a

downlink (DL) resource, as is the case when communicating via the access point in

the cellular mode. Moreover, D2D communication may extend the cellular cov-

erage and facilitate new types of wireless P2P services. D2D is also economical

communication because it uses the same pre-existing cellular infrastructure which

increases network efﬁciency. This increased network efﬁciency supports more

services and improves current services and applications.

In the past, cellular operators did not consider D2D communication as a method

to enhance the performance of cellular network because the effect of D2D com-

munication is limited to local communication services. However, as mobile

applications based on proximity of mobile devices has become increasingly

popular, cellular operators are considering introducing D2D communication into

the cellular networks.

When operators enable D2D communication in the system, they can see several

beneﬁts compared to the conventional infrastructure-based communication, such

as improved energy efﬁciency, increased overall system throughput, and decreased

trafﬁc load in the network, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 D2D communication

6 S. Mumtaz and J. Rodriguez

4 Current Progress in Standardization

As early as the 3GPP meeting held in June 2011, a study item description on the

radio aspects of D2D discovery and communication was submitted by Qualcomm.

Meanwhile, a study item description on LTE Direct (LTE-D) was submitted to the

3GPP meeting held in August 2011, which proposed the study of the service

requirement for direct over-the-air LTE D2D discovery and communication. The

meeting of November 2011 studied use cases and identiﬁed potential requirements

for a network operator controlled discovery and communication between proxi-

mate devices. As the ﬁnalization of LTE Rel-11, 3GPP initiated the new step on

Rel-12 and beyond which started as a workshop in June 2012. At that workshop, it

was agreed that the machine type and short-range communication scenarios should

be embraced to give rise to new trafﬁc types. As a follow-up to the workshop, it

was agreed to start a study on LTE Proximity Services (ProSe) in the Radio Access

Network (RAN) 58 plenary meeting in December 2012 [4]. The study on ProSe

includes two parts, namely D2D discovery and D2D communication. The main

results on D2D use cases and potential requirements are captured in [5] and the

needed architectural enhancements to support ProSe in [6]. The current work on

LTE D2D device discovery and D2D communication mainly focuses on the

technical details, including discovery signal design, resource allocation and

scheduling, synchronization mechanism, etc. For IEEE to continue Wi-Fi Direct

research, IEEE 802.11 Infrastructure Service Discovery Study Group has done

much work on proximate discovery and communication with low energy, long

range (up to 500 m), and large scale (up to 1,000 mobile devices) for mobile social

networks since 2010.

5 D2D Functional Block in LTE-A SAE Architecture

3GPP technology has the opportunity to become the platform of choice to enable

D2D communication. The ProSe can be divided into two parts, proximity dis-

covery and direct communication, as shown in Fig. 2a.

With proximity discovery, users can discover other users that are in the prox-

imity. Discovery mechanisms can be network or user-assisted. Proximity discov-

ery can be a standalone service to users, for example to enhance social networking

services and does not need to trigger direct communication. Direct communication

refers to devices communicating directly, without going via a base station, when

they are within reach of each other. Users may initiate direct communication

directly without proximity discovery. However, proximity discovery is a natural

trigger for direct communication that can reduce the need for manual interaction.

In particular, when direct communication is integrated with a cellular network, it is

considered natural that it is preceded by network supported proximity discovery.

From an architectural view the solution for ProSe involves both UEs, RAN, core

Introduction to D2D Communication 7

network, and application servers. Although different architecture alternatives are

still being evaluated in 3GPP there are some common characteristics that can be

identiﬁed. In the core, a new network function is proposed that can be added to

provide the ProSe which may be called Proximity Function or ‘‘Proximity Server’’

[5]. The proximity server would provide the connection between application

servers and the mobile network. It could identify proximity between UEs and

inform the application servers about the opportunities. D2D sessions could be

initiated from the proximity servers by sending an initiation request to the MME.

The MME is then responsible for initiating the D2D radio bearer setup using Ud

interface and delivery of IP address for D2D terminating devices. Letting the

MME handle the connectivity helps D2D communications offer seamless opera-

tions to the higher layer protocol stack, and mobility processes between D2D and

cellular networking [2].

An alternative solution is to rely on IMS, where the proximity function could be

implemented by an application server that reuses already speciﬁed security

mechanisms and interfaces to retrieve location information from the network. This

would minimize the required architectural changes by reusing the IMS service

control interface to communicate with UEs and other network entities. Previously,

Doppler et al. [2, 7] proposed two mechanisms of D2D connectivity based on

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which did not rely as

heavily on the existing IMS functionality, but proposed a closer integration with

the EPC and RAN.

System architecture for D2D communications integrated with the Evolved

Packet System (EPS) is illustrated in Fig. 3.

In the access network ProSe use the cellular link (Uu) for control plan. For data

plan, direct communication would need a new Direct Mobile Communication

interface (Ud), as shown in Fig. 2b.

EPC

Data

Control

Proximity

Server

1) Network/User

based Proximity

discovery

3GPP Acess

2) Direct

Communication

(LTEA)

ProSe App

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2 a Core architecture for D2D b Access architecture for D2D

8 S. Mumtaz and J. Rodriguez

5.1 Protocol Stack and Bearer Management

Figure 4a shows a D2D control plan which reuses the LTE-A control protocol

stack and Fig. 4b introduces the new interface named Ud for data plan which is

integrated into the LTE-A data protocol stack. One or more radio bearers are set up

for the transmission of the data plan over the direct path. The PHY, MAC, RLC,

and PDCP layers for these bearers are terminated at the UEs. Each UE is also

simultaneously connected to an eNB. The control plan protocols, namely RRC and

NAS, are terminated between each UE and the corresponding eNB and MME

respectively. The NAS procedures for service request are altered to include D2D

aspects. Changes to the RRC protocol are necessary for the establishment and

management of the direct path radio bearer. In contrast to current LTE-A systems,

where the radio bearer is terminated at the UE and the eNB, the endpoints of the

direct path communication are at the two UEs. Hence, the RRC conﬁguration

provided by the eNB to both UEs should be compatible with each other. Radio

Link monitoring, measurement, and handover procedures also need to be altered to

accommodate direct path aspects.

The direct path data radio bearer is terminated at the UEs. One possibility is that

the D2D communication works quite autonomously. In particular, for the public

safety use cases it is a requirement that the D2D communication works when there

is no network coverage. This may motivate a solution with contention-based

access which does not require any centralized resource management. However, we

will focus on the case where resource allocation functionality is still retained by

the eNB. In this case, there could be a separate MAC entity for D2D in the UE, and

a similar MAC D2D entity in the eNB. The functionalities of the D2D MAC in the

Internet

IMS

(IP Multimedia

Subsystem)

eNB

Ebe

arer

bear

Dbea

-MME-

bearer permission

(

ddress delivery)

Serving

gateway

Networking

session

(SIPsever)

D2D Link:

User plan,Link

adaptation,HARQ,

Power control,

Resource allocation.

eNB:

Setup control,

Bearer control,

Resource control

Fig. 3 D2D functional block in LTE-A SAE

Introduction to D2D Communication 9

UE may include data transfer, HARQ, BSR reporting, multiplexing of multiple

D2D Logical Channels, and Logical Channel prioritization.

One possible solution to keep D2D communication simple is to only support

unidirectional communication between devices. In this case, there would not be any

HARQ, ARQ, or other protocol mechanisms that require bidirectional communi-

cation at the MAC or RLC layers. Reliability could instead be implemented at higher

layers. The functionalities of the MAC D2D entity in the eNB may include resource

allocation and per-TTI scheduling. Varying degrees of eNB control can be envi-

sioned in the scheduling process, broadly divided into two categories—(a) Full eNB

control of per-TTI scheduling or (b) eNB resource grant UE scheduling. The direct

path may have a simpliﬁed RLC, perhaps with no RLC retransmissions. In the PDCP

functionality, UE support of simultaneous separate ciphering for infrastructure and

direct path bearers are required, as well as altered procedures for PDCP sequence

preservation during mobility events between infrastructure and direct path.

Once the D2D bearer has been set up between peer devices, the eNB controls

the radio resources which are used for D2D communication. For this purpose, an

extended version of the current RRC protocol can be used as illustrated in Fig. 3.It

may also be necessary for D2D users to remain connected with the Internet for

additional services. In LTE-A this is achieved if the SAE bearer is preserved and

connectivity to the gateway is maintained. It would also be necessary for the RRC

protocol to handle D2D and cellular connections in parallel. To maintain the best

connectivity, the handover from D2D network to cellular network shall take place

when the cellular connection attains more throughput and lower energy con-

sumption than that of D2D.

5.2 Security Architecture for D2D

Based on the security architecture deﬁned in [8] and the ProSe high-level reference

model deﬁned in [5], the ProSe security architecture is as illustrated in Fig. 5.As

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCP

RRC

NAS

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCP

L1/L2

SCTP

L1/L2

UDP

GTP-C

L1/L2

UDP

GTP-C

eNB

S-GW

MME

S-GW

P-GW

S-GW

eNP

eNB

P-GW

S1-MME S5/S8

RRC

L1/L2

SCTP

S1 AP

NAS

GTP-C

UDP

L1/L2

MME

S11

MAC

RLC

PDCP

App

MAC

RLC

PDCP

App

MAC

RLC

PDCP

App

MAC

RLC

PDCP

L1/L2

UDP

GTP-U

L1/L2

UDP

GTP-U

L1/L2

UDP

GTP-U

UE1

UE2

PHY

eNB

S-GW

PHY

D2D

P-G

S1-Uu

S5/S8

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4 a LTE-a control protocol stack for D2D b LTE-a data protocol stack for D2D

10 S. Mumtaz and J. Rodriguez

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