![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/10972702/bg10.jpg)
As a consequence, classical approaches, such as certification and fleet testing,
are not capable of handling the complexity, and so new methods to allow efficient
development and testing are required. Although many academic and industrial
research projects focus on this topic and aim to provide guidelines and solutions, up
to now no consensus on the best practice is established. Moreover, with self-driving
vehicles, new challenges arise which are not only related to technical aspects but
require insights into legal, psychological, and social issu es including human
interaction.
It appears that simulations using models and hardware-in-the-loop facilities will
be a key enabler for testing, validation, verification, and certification of the auto-
mated driving functions.
This testing in “virtual world” or mixed “real–virtual world” allows to cover the
large range of potential scenarios and complexity levels involved in automated
driving. To manage complexity, a modular environment which allows to simulate
the system at different levels and with different real or virtual components seems to
be necessary. Still, it is the question which detail levels are sufficient and can be
handled. A very important component is the scenarios, i.e., the driving and envi-
ronment situations, which are used in the simulation studies. These scenarios should
cover all (realistic but also worst case) situations which the vehicle may encounter
during the driving mission including a realistic interaction with other traffic par-
ticipants and the environment. Further, it is also necessary to understand (and
model) the interactions between the driver and automated driving functions, in
particular, as the near-term systems will likely be supervised by the drivers and/or
handover the control of the vehicle to the driver under some conditions.
During September 29–30, 2016, a workshop on the subjects of development,
testing, and verification of ADAS and ADF has taken place at the Johannes Kepler
University Linz to assess the status and discuss ways to improve the strategies for
development and testing of such advanced driving functions. The workshop con-
sisted of 14 talks by experts from industry and academia, covering topics in human
interaction, the impact on the powertrain and emissions, testing frameworks, sce-
nario design, and function development.
During the talks and presentation at the workshop, several interesting observa-
tions have been made related to the current status and future directions of this field.
Examples of these observations are summarized below:
• Currently, in both automated driving and advanced driver assistance function
development, the main focus is on improving safety and comfort of the passengers.
Additional performance aspects, such as related to fuel/energy consumption, CO
2
,
and other tailpipe emissions, are not considered explicitly. The general assumption
is that these will be dealt with later while the cur rent focus is on vehicle trajectory
and velocity planning. It is expected that once the fundamental challenges of
automated dr iving are addressed sat isfactorily, fuel econ omy and emission-related
aspects will be fully considered. This somewhat incremental development
approach may lead to automated vehicles with suboptimal overall system perfor-
mance which are difficult to redesign at a later stage. Thus, pursuing holistic
xvi Introduction