DirectX 11游戏编程初学者指南

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"这是《DirectX 11游戏编程入门》一书的文字版，作者是Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones，由Course Technology PTR出版。这本书适合想要学习如何制作游戏的初学者阅读，英文版但描述清晰易懂。" 在游戏开发领域，DirectX 11是一个重要的图形库，由微软公司开发，主要用于Windows平台的游戏和应用程序。DirectX 11为开发者提供了先进的图形处理能力，包括对现代GPU特性的充分利用，如多线程支持、硬件 tessellation（曲面细分）、compute shaders（计算着色器）以及更高效的纹理处理等。本书《DirectX 11游戏编程入门》旨在帮助初学者了解和掌握DirectX 11的基本概念和技术。内容可能涵盖以下几个核心方面： 1. **DirectX基础知识**：介绍DirectX的架构，包括Direct3D、DirectInput、DirectSound等子系统，以及它们在游戏开发中的作用。 2. **Direct3D 11**：详细讲解Direct3D 11的核心概念，如设备创建、上下文管理、渲染管线、顶点和索引缓冲区、纹理与贴图、视口和投影矩阵等。 3. **图形编程**：教授如何使用Direct3D进行3D图形绘制，包括基本几何形状的创建、光照模型、纹理映射和阴影技术。 4. **Shaders**：介绍 HLSL（High-Level Shader Language），用于编写顶点着色器、像素着色器等，理解着色器如何控制图形的外观和效果。 5. **多线程编程**：讨论如何利用DirectX 11的多线程特性提高游戏性能，特别是在现代多核CPU上的应用。 6. **硬件加速**：讲解如何利用GPU的并行计算能力，通过compute shaders执行复杂的计算任务，如物理模拟、AI算法等。 7. **输入与音频**：介绍DirectInput和DirectSound的使用，如何接收用户输入，以及在游戏中集成音频效果。 8. **游戏循环与状态管理**：讲解游戏的核心循环结构，以及如何管理游戏的不同状态，如菜单、游戏界面和游戏进程。 9. **资源管理和优化**：教授有效的内存管理策略，以及如何优化纹理、模型和其他资源的加载和使用。 10. **案例分析与实践项目**：书中可能包含多个逐步指导的实例，让读者能够动手实现简单的游戏或游戏元素，从而巩固所学知识。通过本书的学习，读者将能够建立起扎实的DirectX 11基础，为进一步深入游戏开发或者进阶到DirectX 12或其他高级游戏引擎（如Unity、Unreal Engine）做好准备。同时，作者以轻松幽默的写作风格，使得学习过程更为愉快，对于自学游戏编程的新手来说是一本很好的入门教程。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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DirectX 11游戏编程初学者指南

[DirectX.11游戏编程入门].Beginning.DirectX.11.Game.Programming

DirectX.11游戏编程入门（含示例代码）（英文版）

《DirectX 11游戏编程入门》Wendy Jones.[EN].pdf

Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming

Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming

Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming中英对照-校对版

Beginning_DirectX_11_Game_Programming

DirectX 11 游戏编程入门指南：Wendy Jones 解析实战教程

DirectX 11游戏编程入门指南：Wendy Jones 解析实战教程

DirectX 11游戏编程入门指南

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