探索Qt开发基础：跨平台C++框架详解

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"《Qt开发基础》是一本深入探讨Qt框架的著作，由Johan Thelin在2007年出版，版权受到严格保护。Qt是一个著名的跨平台C++开发框架，它不仅提供了一套强大的C++类库，还配套有一套易于使用的集成开发环境（IDE），使得开发者能够在多种操作系统上进行高效开发，如Windows、macOS和Linux等。本书的主要内容涵盖了Qt基础，包括但不限于GUI设计、网络编程、多线程处理、XML解析、数据库访问以及信号与槽机制等核心概念。作者通过清晰的阐述和实用的示例，帮助读者理解和掌握如何构建跨平台应用程序。Qt以其模块化的设计和丰富的组件库，使得开发人员能够快速开发出功能齐全且用户友好的应用。作为一本技术教材，书中还邀请了Jason Gilmore担任主编辑，Witold Wysota担任技术审阅者，他们共同确保了内容的专业性和准确性。此外，编辑团队由Steve Anglin、Ewan Buckingham、Gary Cornell、Jonathan Gennick和Jason Gilmore等人组成，他们的专业背景为本书的质量提供了坚实保障。在版权方面，书中的Qt、Qt Logo、Qtopia、Qtopia Logo、Trolltech以及Trolltech Logo都是Trolltech公司的注册商标，在引用时遵循了编辑式的使用方式，尊重了商标所有者的权益。《Foundations of Qt Development》是Qt开发者的必读之作，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获得关于如何利用Qt进行高效、高质量软件开发的重要知识和实践指导。通过阅读这本书，你将深入了解如何利用这个强大的框架在不同平台上实现无缝的软件集成和交互体验。"

Acknowledgments

There are so many people I want to thank—everybody involved in the project has been help-

ful, positive, and supportive. It has been a great time working with all of you.

First, many thanks go to Witold Wysota, who has provided me with feedback, technical

input, and kind words. Without his support I could not have completed this project. I would

also like to thank Jason Gilmore from Apress for his excellent feedback and writing tips.

Thanks to him, the text is far more enjoyable to read.

Jasmin Blanchette of Trolltech helped me by producing screenshots from the Mac. The

excellent support team at Trolltech also clarified unclear issues and fixed bugs. Everyone at

Trolltech has been very positive and supportive.

I want to thank all the people at Apress: Matt Wade, who gave me the chance to do this;

Elizabeth Seymour, Grace Wong, and Tracy Brown Collins for managing the project. An extra

thanks to Tracy who pushed me the last mile to get the project done on time.

Without the help of Nancy Sixsmith’s language skills, the text would not have been as easy

to read. Thanks to her attention to detail and excellent writing abilities, the text reads as well

as it does today.

There are so many people involved in this project that I have not worked with so closely.

I’m still very grateful to their efforts and appreciate their skills. Many thanks go to Kelly

Winquist, Dina Quan, Brenda Miller, April Milne, and Paulette McGee.

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The Qt Way of C++

Qtis a cross-platform, graphical, application development toolkit that enables you to com-

pile and run your applications on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and different brands of Unix.

A large part of Qt is devoted to providing a platform-neutral interface to everything, ranging

from representing characters in memory to creating a multithreaded graphical application.

■Note Even though Qt was originally developed to help C++ programmers, bindings are available for a

number of languages. Trolltech provides official bindings for C++, Java, and JavaScript. Third parties provide

bindings for many languages, including Python, Ruby, PHP, and the .NET platform.

This chapter starts by taking an ordinary C++ class and integrating it with Qt to make it

more reusable and easier to use. In the process, you have a look at the build system used to

compile and link Qt applications as well as installing and setting up Qt on your platform.

The chapter then discusses how Qt can enable you to build components that can be inter-

connected in very flexible ways. This is what makes Qt such a powerful tool—it makes it easy

to build components that can be reused, exchanged, and interconnected. Finally, you learn

about the collection and helper classes offered by Qt.

Installing a Qt Development Environment

Before you can start developing Qt applications, you need to download and set up Qt. You will

use the open source edition of Qt because it is freely available for all. If you have a commercial

license for Qt, you have received installations instructions with it.

The installation procedure differs slightly depending on the platform that you are plan-

ning to use for development. Because Mac OS X and Linux are both based on Unix, the

installation process is identical for the two (and all Unix platforms). Windows, on the other

hand, is different and is covered separately. You can start all three platforms by downloading

the edition suitable for your platform from www.trolltech.com/products/qt/downloads.

Installing on Unix Platforms

All platforms except Windows can be said to be Unix platforms. However, Mac OS X differs

from the rest because it does not use the X Window System, more commonly known as X11,

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for handling graphics. So Mac OS X needs a different Qt edition; the necessary file (qt-mac-

opensource-src-version.tar.gz) can be downloaded from Trolltech. The X11-based Unix

platforms use the qt-x11-opensource-src-version.tar.gz file from Trolltech.

■Note Qt depends on other components such as compilers, linkers, and development libraries. The

requirements differ depending on how Qt is configured, so you should study the reference documentation

if you run into problems.

When the file has been downloaded, the procedure goes like this: unpack, configure, and

compile. Let’s go through these steps one by one. The easiest way is to work from the com-

mand prompt.

To unpack the file, download it, place it in a directory, and go there in your command

shell. Then type something like this (put x11 or mac in place of edition and use the version

that you have downloaded):

tar xvfz qt-edition-opensource-src-version.tar.gz

This code extracts the file archive to a folder named qt-edition-opensource-src-version.

Use the cd command to enter that directory:

cd qt-edition-opensource-src-version

Before building Qt, you need to configure it using the configure script and its options.

Run the script like this:

./configure options

There are lots of options to choose from. The best place to start is to use -help, which

shows you a list of the available options. Most options can usually be left as the default, but

the -prefix option is good to use. You can direct the installation to go to a specific location by

specifying a path just after the option. For instance, to install Qt in a directory called inst/qt4

in your home directory, use the following configure command:

./configure –prefix ~/inst/qt4

The Mac OS X platform has two other options that are important to note. First, adding the

-universal option creates universal binaries using Qt. If you plan to use a PowerPC-based

computer for your development, you have to add the -sdk option.

The configure script also makes you accept the open source license (unless you have a

commercial license) before checking that all the dependencies are in place and starting to cre-

ate configuration files in the source tree. When the script is done, you can build Qt using the

following command:

make

This process will take a relatively long time to complete, but after it finishes you can

install Qt by using the next line:

make install

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■Note The installation command might need root access if you try to install Qt outside your home

directory.

When Qt has been installed, you need to add Qt to your PATH environment variable. If you

are using a compiler that does not support rpath, you have to update the LD_LIBRARY_PATH

environment variable as well.

If you used the $HOME/inst/qt4 prefix when running configure, you need to add the

path $HOME/inst/qt4/bin to PATH. If you are using a bash shell, change the variable using an

assignment:

export PATH=$HOME/inst/qt4/bin:$PATH

If you want this command to run every time you start a command shell, you can add it to

your .profile file just before a line that reads export PATH. This exports the new PATH environ-

ment variable to the command-line session.

■Note The methods for setting up environment variables differ from shell to shell. If you are not using

bash, please refer to the reference documentation on how to set the PATH variable for your system.

If you have several Qt versions installed at once, make sure that the version that you

intend to use appears first in the PATH environment variable because the qmake binary used

knows where Qt has been installed.

If you have to change the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable, add the

$HOME/inst/qt4/lib directory to the variable. On Mac OS X and Linux (which use the Gnu

Compiler Collection [GCC]), this step is not needed.

Installing on Windows

If you plan to use the Windows platform for your Qt development, download a file called qt-

win-opensource-version-mingw.exe from Trolltech. This file is an installer that will set up Qt

and a mingw environment.

■Note mingw, which is short for Minimalist GNU for Windows, is a distribution of common GNU tools for

Windows. These tools, including GCC and make, are used by the open source edition of Qt for compiling and

linking.

The installer works as a guide, asking you where to install Qt. Make sure to pick a direc-

tory path free from spaces because that can cause you problems later. After you install Qt, you

see a Start menu folder called Qt by Trolltech (OpenSource). This folder contains entries for

the Qt tools and documentation as well as a Qt command prompt. It is important that you

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