理解与选择：NoSQL 数据库入门指南

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"NoSQL For Dummies" 是一本由 Adam Fowler 撰写的关于 NoSQL 数据库的入门指南，旨在帮助读者理解 NoSQL 技术并选择适合的数据库。本书适用于计划进行大数据项目或平台构建的 IT 专业人士，提供对各种流行 NoSQL 选项的评估标准、优缺点分析，以及在企业架构中的实际应用示例。在当前的大数据时代，NoSQL 数据库因其灵活性、可扩展性和处理非结构化数据的能力而备受关注。NoSQL（Not Only SQL）的概念挑战了传统的 SQL 关系型数据库模型，为处理海量、高速变化的数据提供了新的解决方案。NoSQL 数据库如 MongoDB 和 Google Bigtable 等，已经在市场上占有一席之地，并且不断有新的技术涌现。 MongoDB 是一个流行的文档型数据库，以其支持 JSON 格式的文档和丰富的查询能力著称，适合处理结构不固定或者半结构化的数据。Google Bigtable 则是一个分布式表格存储系统，常用于谷歌内部服务，也可供外部使用，它能处理非常大规模的数据，并提供高性能的读写操作。在选择 NoSQL 数据库时，你需要考虑以下几个关键因素： 1. **数据模型**：NoSQL 数据库有多种类型，如键值存储、列族、文档型和图形数据库，每种都有其适用场景。例如，键值存储适合简单的数据访问，文档型数据库适合存储复杂结构的数据，列族数据库适合大规模数据分析。 2. **扩展性**：NoSQL 数据库通常设计为水平扩展，这意味着可以通过增加服务器来提高性能和容量，这对于应对大数据量增长至关重要。 3. **一致性与可用性**：CAP 定理指出，一个分布式系统无法同时保证一致性、可用性和分区容错性。了解数据库在这些方面的权衡对于选择合适的产品至关重要。 4. **社区支持与生态系统**：活跃的社区和丰富的开发工具可以确保长期的维护和支持。 5. **安全性与管理**：考虑数据库的安全特性，如访问控制、备份和恢复策略，以及管理和监控工具。本书 "NoSQL For Dummies" 提供了这些关键概念的深入解释，通过实例帮助读者理解如何在实际项目中应用 NoSQL 技术。无论你是初次接触 NoSQL 还是寻求扩展你的知识，这本书都将是一个宝贵的资源，帮助你快速掌握这个领域，并做出明智的技术决策。

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NoSQL For Dummies

Chapter 26: Search Engine Use Cases ..........................335

Searching E-Commerce Products .............................................................. 335

Amazon-type cataloguing..................................................................335

Geospatial distance scoring .............................................................336

Enterprise Data Searching ..........................................................................338

Storing web data ................................................................................338

Searching corporate data .................................................................338

Searching application data ............................................................... 339

Alerting .........................................................................................................339

Enabling proactive working ..............................................................339

Finding bad guys ................................................................................ 340

Chapter 27: Types of Search Engines ...........................341

Using Common Open-Source

Text Indexing ............................................................................................ 341

Using Lucene ......................................................................................342

Distributing Lucene ...........................................................................342

Evaluating Lucene/SolrCloud ...........................................................343

Combining Document Stores and Search Engines ..................................344

Universal indexing .............................................................................345

Using range indexes ...........................................................................345

Operating on in-memory data ..........................................................346

Retrieving ne-grained results .........................................................346

Evaluating MarkLogic ........................................................................ 347

Evaluating Enterprise Search .....................................................................348

Using SharePoint search ................................................................... 348

Integrating NoSQL and HP Autonomy ............................................. 348

Using IBM OmniFind .......................................................................... 349

Evaluating Google search appliance ...............................................349

Storing and Searching JSON ....................................................................... 349

JSON universal indexing ...................................................................350

Scriptable querying ...........................................................................350

Evaluating Elasticsearch ................................................................... 352

Chapter 28: Elasticsearch .....................................353

Using the Elasticsearch Product ...............................................................353

ELK stack.............................................................................................354

Using Elasticsearch............................................................................354

Using Logstash ...................................................................................355

Using Kibana .......................................................................................355

Finding Support for Elasticsearch ............................................................. 357

Evaluating Elasticsearch BV ............................................................. 357

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Table of Contents

Part VII: Hybrid NoSQL Databases ............................ 359

Chapter 29: Common Hybrid NoSQL Features ....................361

The Death of Polyglot Persistence ............................................................362

One product, many features .............................................................362

Best-of-breed solution versus single product ................................363

Advantages of a Hybrid Approach ............................................................363

Single product means lower cost.....................................................364

How search technology gives a better column store ....................365

How semantic technology assists content discovery ...................366

Chapter 30: Hybrid Databases in the Enterprise..................369

Selecting a Database by Functionality ...................................................... 369

Ensuring functional depth and breadth ..........................................370

Following a single product’s roadmap ............................................370

Building Mission-Critical Applications ......................................................371

Ensuring data safety .......................................................................... 371

Ensuring data is accessible ..............................................................372

Operating in high-security environments .......................................373

Chapter 31: Hybrid NoSQL Database Use Cases .................375

Digital Semantic Publishing ........................................................................375

Journalists and web publishing .......................................................376

Changing legislation over time .........................................................377

Metadata Catalogs ....................................................................................... 377

Creating a single view ........................................................................378

Replacing legacy systems ................................................................. 378

Exploring data ....................................................................................379

Chapter 32: Hybrid NoSQL Database Products ...................381

Managing Triples and Aggregates .............................................................381

Generating triples from documents ................................................382

Enforcing schema on read ................................................................ 383

Evaluating OrientDB ..........................................................................383

Combining Documents and Triples with Enterprise Capabilities ......... 383

Combined database, search, and application services ................384

Schema free versus schema agnostic .............................................385

Providing Bigtable features ..............................................................385

Securing access to information ........................................................386

Evaluating MarkLogic ........................................................................ 387

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Introduction

love NoSQL both as a movement and as a technology. It’s a fast‐paced,

constantly changing area. Barely a week goes by without a new NoSQL

database being created to handle a specific real‐life problem.

As a movement, NoSQL is interesting in that it started wholly independently

of any commercial organization. In fact, it was the brainchild of interested

individuals who grouped together and shared ideas. Some core ideas

certainly came from large commercial organizations, including the Bigtable

paper from Google and the key‐value store paper from Amazon, but NoSQL

was popularized as open source.

The normal process in software development is that several commercial

companies form and compete with one another and gradually the field

narrows. Then, once the remaining companies prove their worth, they’re

gobbled up by big boys like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. Open‐source

alternatives appear only during the later phases of this cycle.

That’s not the case with NoSQL. Sure, there were a few early commercial

players (very early in MarkLogic’s case — way back in 2001). However, the

majority of publicly available NoSQL products were created in the open

before companies incorporated them into their commercial products.

This book encourages a practical approach to evaluating NoSQL as a set

of technologies and products. The book tells you how to determine which

ones might meet your needs and how select the most appropriate ones. This

information enables you to spot business and technical problems that NoSQL

databases can solve.

After reading this book, not only will you be able to identify which type of

NoSQL database to use, but perhaps more importantly, you’ll know the ques-

tions to ask vendors about their software and services prior to purchasing one.

This book discusses NoSQL in terms of real‐life, complex mission‐critical

applications. Understanding complex enterprise applications allows you

to see the flaws and benefits of each NoSQL database, and within contexts

similar to the ones you see in your workplace.

This book guides you through this exciting area of technology and high-

lights how you and your organization can achieve similar benefits to those

described. I hope you enjoy the journey!

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