基于对称分量理论的三电平三相并网变流器电压暂降时的电网同步与控制研究

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"基于对称分量提取的三电平三相并网变流器的电压暂降时的电网同步与控制" 本文主要研究了并网变流器（GCC）在非平衡电压条件下，尤其是电压暂降下的控制算法。提出的控制算法直接基于瞬时对称分量理论，并涉及同步、电流和功率流控制。该理论的应用目的在于消除不平衡电压暂降过程中出现的负电压分量的影响。在电网同步方面，本文提出了基于对称分量理论的同步算法，用于解决电压暂降下的电网同步问题。该算法可以实时监控电网的电压暂降，自动调整GCC的输出电压，确保电网同步。在电流和功率流控制方面，本文提出了基于对称分量理论的电流和功率流控制算法，用于解决电压暂降下的电流和功率流控制问题。该算法可以实时监控电网的电流和功率流，自动调整GCC的输出电压和电流，确保电网的稳定运行。在电力系统的电压暂降分析方面，本文对电力系统的电压暂降进行了深入分析，包括电压暂降的定义、分类、影响等。同时，本文还对波兰电网规范进行了分析，了解电网的运行规则和标准。在对称分量理论基础方面，本文对对称分量理论进行了深入分析，包括电压与电流相量、对称分量理论、瞬时值的对称分量、固定框架的对称分量、同步旋转框架的对称分量等。这些理论基础为GCC的控制算法提供了理论支持。本文的研究成果可以为GCC的控制算法提供理论支持和技术指导，解决电网同步和电流、功率流控制问题，提高电网的稳定运行和效率。知识点： 1. 并网变流器（GCC）的控制算法研究 2. 电压暂降下的电网同步技术 3. 对称分量理论在GCC控制算法中的应用 4. 电流和功率流控制技术 5. 电力系统的电压暂降分析 6. 波兰电网规范分析 7. GCC的同步、电流和功率流控制算法 8.瞬时对称分量理论在GCC控制算法中的应用本文的研究成果为GCC的控制算法提供了理论支持和技术指导，解决了电网同步和电流、功率流控制问题，提高了电网的稳定运行和效率。

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In the most of developed EU countries, Grid Codes are announced by transmission

and distribution system operators. From 1

of January 2012 the new Polish Grid Code is in

force, titled: “Transmission Grid Code – Conditions for use, traffic management, operation

and development planning” [Ire]. It was established by the sole Polish TSO: PSE Operator

and introduces new decisions about an operation of wind farms in the Polish power system.

The aim of the Chapter is explanation of specified regulations contained in the

Polish GC dedicated to wind farms, concerning parameters of generated power, supporting

power system and operation under grid voltage distortions. Requirements of the Polish

energy law are presented and analyzed.

2.1 Power System in Poland

In this section is a short description of the Polish power system. The power system

consists of three main parts:

 Generation system containing conventional and renewable energy power

plants;

 Transmission system containing stations and high voltage power lines (400

kV and 220 kV);

 Distribution system containing stations and power lines of voltage 110 kV,

medium voltage (mostly 15kV) and low voltage (0,4 kV).

The power system does not regularly cover the surface of Poland. The Southern and

the Central parts are most developed. Here, most of conventional power plants are located:

currently there are 19 conventional power plants [Ryn], where energy is generated from

stone and brown coal. Also, the majority of transmission lines are located in those regions.

The Northern and the Eastern parts of Poland are in worse conditions. There are significant

lacks of conventional power stations and transmission lines. The grid system is weak. The

HVDC connection of voltage 450 kV to the Swedish power system was supposed to be the

important stabilizing element of the Northern grid. According to attitude of PSE Operator,

it operates only in range of 10% of the nominal power and leads serious power oscillations.

Probably, problems are result of the improper design of the AC-DC converter.

In Poland, as well as in the rest of the European countries, principal requirements of

generated power quality in conventional plants and in RES are determined by TSO. In

Poland there is one TSO – PSE Operator S.A. [Pse1], which is responsible for systems of

voltage 400kV, 220kV and indirectly for system of 110kV. The decisions concerning the

connection permissions, which can be bought on the market from private investors. Even if

building the atomic power plant will be regulated, still in the power system there is a lack

of conventional power plants. It’s worth to mention that there are some plans of building

several gas power stations by private investors.

The bright plans of rapid growth of wind farms can be stopped. In the author’s

opinion the grow of the wind power plants’ penetration could be stopped due to three

significant barriers, like:

 Weak grid (lack of conventional plants and transmission lines) in areas of

the best winds’ conditions in Poland: the Northern and the Eastern,

 Finite energy flow capacity in the transmission and distribution systems,

 Limited possibilities of the energy storage systems.

The solution can be passing by limited capacity of power system by installing an

energy compensator. Basing on previous research [Bob1], author claims that - the best

solution for big wind farms is installing a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) for smaller farms. Those compensators significantly

increase transmission capabilities of power system, improve power quality, facilitates

management, etc. There is possibility to install common compensator for the group of wind

farms to minimize costs.

The hint for increasing wind farms penetration gives plan of the new Polish Energy

Law [Act]. The idea is to connect wind turbines with energy storages.

2.2 Nominal Grid Conditions

In Poland the energy generation and distribution as well as energy market are

regulated by specified acts, whose main aim is safe and uninterrupted supply of electricity

and heat for every consumer. In Polish law there are three most important documents

determining and regulating power quality in electric power system:

 The Act: Energy Law [Act],

 Standard PN-EN:50160 [Pst1], which is implementation of European Standard

EN:50-160 [Est1],

 Standard PN-IEC 60038 [Pst2], which determines the basic standards for voltage in

AC grids and DC traction grids.

The purpose of the Act: Energy Law is to ensure the safety of energy supply,

balancing the interests of energy operators and customers. The Act inter alia determines

requirements of delivered power quality. Interesting is the article relieving energy

companies of responsibility for side effects of poor power quality in case of energy

security of Poland, health or life hazard and risk of serious financial losses.

The parameters of power quality in Polish electrical networks are determined in two

documents. First one is the standard PN-EN:50160, which defines parameters of voltage in

medium and low voltage grids. The second one is the Decree of Minister of Economy

called “Decree of Connection” [Dme1], concerning power quality in all kinds of grids,

especially, in high voltages systems. The Decree determines six groups of units connected

to grid:

 1

group – units connected directly to transmission system (400 kV and 220 kV);

 2

group – units connected to distribution system of voltage 110 kV;

 3

, 4

and 5

groups – units supplied with voltage below 110 kV;

 6

group – temporal units.

The most important requirements of power quality according to the PN-EN:50160

and the Decree of connection are listed below:

 Amplitude of voltage:

o For 1

group: in every week 95% of mean RMS voltage values (measured in 10

minutes time frames) should not exceed +5%/-10% of the nominal voltage

o For other groups variations of voltage should not exceed 10%

 Frequency:

o For 1

and 2

group: in every week 95% of measured mean values of

frequency should not exceed of the nominal 50 Hz. Moreover, 100% of

measurements should not cross limits +4%/-6%.

o For other groups : in every week 95% of measured mean values of frequency

should not exceed of the nominal 50Hz. In lower voltage grids for 99,5%

of measurements should not cross limits +4%/-6%.

 Voltage fluctuations:

o For 1

and 2

groups: in every week for 95% of week the rate of voltage

fluctuation index (defined in [Pst1]) should be less than 0.8

o For other groups: index should be less than 1.

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