《CSAPP英文第六版：程序员视角的计算机系统》

CSAPP

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"《计算机系统：程序员的视角》（Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective）是Randal E. Bryant和David R. O'Hallaron合著的一本经典计算机系统教材，第六版由Carnegie Mellon University的两位作者与Prentice Hall出版社合作出版。本书从程序员的实践角度出发，深入探讨了计算机系统的各个方面，包括硬件、操作系统、编程语言、编译器、系统架构以及底层原理等，旨在帮助读者建立坚实的系统级理解。在学习过程中，读者将跟随作者探索核心概念，如处理器的工作原理、内存管理、并发与同步、数据结构和算法在系统设计中的作用，以及如何通过编程接口（APIs）与操作系统交互。书中不仅理论知识详实，还包含了大量的实例和练习，使读者能够通过实践加深对理论的理解。该书的特点在于其清晰的逻辑结构，直观的图解和深入浅出的语言，使复杂的技术内容易于理解。此外，第六版可能包含了最新的技术和进展，比如云计算、大数据、物联网和人工智能等领域的影响，帮助读者紧跟技术潮流。编辑方面，这本书由Marcia Horton担任总编辑，Michael Hirsch任主编，Matt Goldstein负责稿件收购，而Chelsea Bell、Margaret Waples、Kathryn Ferranti等专业人员共同协作，确保了教材的质量和市场推广。从设计到印刷，各个环节都有专门的团队负责，如Art Director Linda Knowles负责封面设计，Paul C. Anagnostopoulos和Windfall Software的团队负责项目管理和内部设计，确保了书籍的视觉效果和生产质量。《计算机系统：程序员的视角》第六版是一本不可或缺的计算机科学和技术教材，无论是对于计算机专业的学生，还是希望提升系统级编程能力的工程师来说，都是一个深入学习和掌握计算机系统理论与实践的宝贵资源。通过阅读本书，读者将建立起坚实的计算机系统基础，为未来的软件开发和技术创新奠定坚实的基础。"

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Contents xv

9.7.1 Core i7 Address Translation 800

9.7.2 Linux Virtual Memory System 803

9.8 Memory Mapping 807

9.8.1 Shared Objects Revisited 807

9.8.2 The

fork Function Revisited 809

9.8.3 The

execve Function Revisited 810

9.8.4 User-level Memory Mapping with the

mmap Function 810

9.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation 812

9.9.1 The

malloc and free Functions 814

9.9.2 Why Dynamic Memory Allocation? 816

9.9.3 Allocator Requirements and Goals 817

9.9.4 Fragmentation 819

9.9.5 Implementation Issues 820

9.9.6 Implicit Free Lists 820

9.9.7 Placing Allocated Blocks 822

9.9.8 Splitting Free Blocks 823

9.9.9 Getting Additional Heap Memory 823

9.9.10 Coalescing Free Blocks 824

9.9.11 Coalescing with Boundary Tags 824

9.9.12 Putting It Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator 827

9.9.13 Explicit Free Lists 835

9.9.14 Segregated Free Lists 836

9.10 Garbage Collection 838

9.10.1 Garbage Collector Basics 839

9.10.2 Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors 840

9.10.3 Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs 842

9.11 Common Memory-Related Bugs in C Programs 843

9.11.1 Dereferencing Bad Pointers 843

9.11.2 Reading Uninitialized Memory 843

9.11.3 Allowing Stack Buffer Overﬂows 844

9.11.4 Assuming that Pointers and the Objects They Point to Are the

Same Size 844

9.11.5 Making Off-by-One Errors 845

9.11.6 Referencing a Pointer Instead of the Object It Points to 845

9.11.7 Misunderstanding Pointer Arithmetic 846

9.11.8 Referencing Nonexistent Variables 846

9.11.9 Referencing Data in Free Heap Blocks 847

9.11.10 Introducing Memory Leaks 847

9.12 Summary 848

Bibliographic Notes 848

Homework Problems 849

Solutions to Practice Problems 853

Preface

This book (CS:APP) is for computer scientists, computer engineers, and others

who want to be able to write better programs by learning what is going on “under

the hood” of a computer system.

Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems,

and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, perfor-

mance, and utility of your application programs. Other systems books are written

from a builder’s perspective, describing how to implement the hardware or the sys-

tems software, including the operating system, compiler, and network interface.

This book is written from a programmer’s perspective, describing how application

programmers can use their knowledge of a system to write better programs. Of

course, learning what a system is supposed to do provides a good ﬁrst step in learn-

ing how to build one, and so this book also serves as a valuable introduction to

those who go on to implement systems hardware and software.

If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to

becoming the rare “power programmer” who knows how things work and how

to ﬁx them when they break. Our aim is to present the fundamental concepts in

ways that you will ﬁnd useful right away. You will also be prepared to delve deeper,

studying such topics as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, em-

bedded systems, and networking.

Assumptions about the Reader’s Background

The presentation of machine code in the book is based on two related formats

supported by Intel and its competitors, colloquially known as “x86.” IA32 is the

machine code that has become the de facto standard for a wide range of systems.

x86-64 is an extension of IA32 to enable programs to operate on larger data and to

reference a wider range of memory addresses. Since x86-64 systems are able to run

IA32 code, both of these forms of machine code will see widespread use for the

foreseeable future. We consider how these machines execute C programs on Unix

or Unix-like (such as Linux) operating systems. (To simplify our presentation,

we will use the term “Unix” as an umbrella term for systems having Unix as

their heritage, including Solaris, Mac OS, and Linux.) The text contains numerous

programming examples that have been compiled and run on Linux systems. We

assume that you have access to such a machine and are able to log in and do simple

things such as changing directories.

If your computer runs Microsoft Windows, you have two choices. First, you

can get a copy of Linux (www.ubuntu.com) and install it as a “dual boot” option,

so that your machine can run either operating system. Alternatively, by installing

a copy of the Cygwin tools (www.cygwin.com), you can run a Unix-like shell under

xix

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