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Age of Information A New Concept, Metric, and Tool.pdf

信息年龄

AoI

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信息年龄（AoI）是在2010年代初引入的，目的是表征系统对远程观察到的过程的知识的新鲜度。事实证明，AoI是从根本上来说是一种新颖的时间度量标准，与现有的延迟和等待时间显着不同。这种工具的重要性是至关重要的，尤其是在信息传输以外的情况下，因为通信也是为了控制，计算，推断而不仅仅是复制源消息而发生的。本书介绍了当前的内容，并讨论了有关AoI的第一批作品，并讨论了可能产生更具挑战性和趣味性的研究的未来方向。

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Foundations and Trends



in Networking

Age of Information: A New

Concept, Metric, and Tool

Suggested Citation:

Antzela Kosta, Nikolaos Pappas and Vangelis Angelakis (2017),

“Age of Information: A New Concept, Metric, and Tool”, Foundations and Trends



Networking: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp 162–259. DOI: 10.1561/1300000060.

Antzela Kosta

Dept. of Science and Technology

Linköping University, Sweden

antzela.kosta@liu.se

Nikolaos Pappas

Dept. of Science and Technology

Linköping University, Sweden

nikolaos.pappas@liu.se

Vangelis Angelakis

Dept. of Science and Technology

Linköping University, Sweden

vangelis.angelakis@liu.se

This article may be used only for the purpose of research, teaching,

and/or private study. Commercial use or systematic downloading

(by robots or other automatic processes) is prohibited without ex-

plicit Publisher approval.

Boston — Delft

Contents

1 Introduction 163

2 The Introduction of the Concept 166

2.1 Age of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

2.2 First Queue-theoretic System Abstractions . . . . . . . . . 171

2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

3 The Early Works 177

3.1 Sharing the System Among Multiple Traﬃc Streams . . . 178

3.2 Basic Scheduling Through Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

3.3 Peak Age of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

3.4 Availability of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

3.5 Packet Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

4 Subsequent Works and Extensions 216

4.1 Rate Control Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

4.2 Packet Deadlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

4.3 Optimizing Age, Throughput, and Delay . . . . . . . . . . 227

4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

5 Age as a Tool 230

5.1 Channel State Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

5.2 Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

5.3 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

6 Latest Contributions 239

6.1 Eﬀect of Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

6.2 Beyond Single-hop Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

6.3 Other Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

7 Future Directions and Open Questions 246

7.1 Connection with Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

7.2 Connection with Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

7.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Acknowledgements 252

References 253

Age of Information: A New

Concept, Metric, and Tool

Antzela Kosta

, Nikolaos Pappas

and Vangelis Angelakis

Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;

antzela.kosta@liu.se

Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;

nikolaos.pappas@liu.se

Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;

vangelis.angelakis@liu.se

ABSTRACT

Age of information (AoI) was introduced in the early 2010s

as a notion to characterize the freshness of the knowledge

a system has about a process observed remotely. AoI was

shown to be a fundamentally novel metric of timeliness,

signiﬁcantly diﬀerent, to existing ones such as delay and

latency. The importance of such a tool is paramount, espe-

cially in contexts other than transport of information, since

communication takes place also to control, or to compute,

or to infer, and not just to reproduce messages of a source.

This volume comes to present and discuss the ﬁrst body of

works on AoI and discuss future directions that could yield

more challenging and interesting research.

Antzela Kosta, Nikolaos Pappas and Vangelis Angelakis (2017), “Age of Information:

A New Concept, Metric, and Tool”, Foundations and Trends



in Networking: Vol.

12, No. 3, pp 162–259. DOI: 10.1561/1300000060.

Introduction

The concept of Age of Information (AoI) was introduced in 2011 in [31]

to quantify the freshness of the knowledge we have about the status of

a remote system. More speciﬁcally, AoI is the time elapsed since the

generation of the last successfully received message containing update

information about its source system. Utilizing a simple communication

system model, in a series of papers ([32], [33], [30], and [58]), the

ﬁrst group of characterizations of the Age of Information metric had

appeared by 2012. Since then, AoI has attracted a vivid interest, with

over 50 publications, in the last six years

The attention AoI has been receiving is due to two factors. The ﬁrst

is the sheer novelty brought by AoI in characterizing the freshness of

information versus for example that of the metrics of delay or latency.

Second, the need and importance of characterizing the freshness of such

information is paramount in a wide range of information, communication,

and control systems. By now, age has been studied with considerable

diversity of systems, being as a concept, a performance metric, and a

tool.

In this volume we take into consideration works that have been published no

later than June 2017.

163

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