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Age of Information A New Concept, Metric, and Tool.pdf
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信息年龄(AoI)是在2010年代初引入的,目的是表征系统对远程观察到的过程的知识的新鲜度。 事实证明,AoI是从根本上来说是一种新颖的时间度量标准,与现有的延迟和等待时间显着不同。 这种工具的重要性是至关重要的,尤其是在信息传输以外的情况下,因为通信也是为了控制,计算,推断而不仅仅是复制源消息而发生的。 本书介绍了当前的内容,并讨论了有关AoI的第一批作品,并讨论了可能产生更具挑战性和趣味性的研究的未来方向。
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Foundations and Trends
R
in Networking
Age of Information: A New
Concept, Metric, and Tool
Suggested Citation:
Antzela Kosta, Nikolaos Pappas and Vangelis Angelakis (2017),
“Age of Information: A New Concept, Metric, and Tool”, Foundations and Trends
R
in
Networking: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp 162–259. DOI: 10.1561/1300000060.
Antzela Kosta
Dept. of Science and Technology
Linköping University, Sweden
antzela.kosta@liu.se
Nikolaos Pappas
Dept. of Science and Technology
Linköping University, Sweden
nikolaos.pappas@liu.se
Vangelis Angelakis
Dept. of Science and Technology
Linköping University, Sweden
vangelis.angelakis@liu.se
This article may be used only for the purpose of research, teaching,
and/or private study. Commercial use or systematic downloading
(by robots or other automatic processes) is prohibited without ex-
plicit Publisher approval.
Boston — Delft
Contents
1 Introduction 163
2 The Introduction of the Concept 166
2.1 Age of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.2 First Queue-theoretic System Abstractions . . . . . . . . . 171
2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3 The Early Works 177
3.1 Sharing the System Among Multiple Traffic Streams . . . 178
3.2 Basic Scheduling Through Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.3 Peak Age of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3.4 Availability of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
3.5 Packet Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
4 Subsequent Works and Extensions 216
4.1 Rate Control Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.2 Packet Deadlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.3 Optimizing Age, Throughput, and Delay . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5 Age as a Tool 230
5.1 Channel State Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5.2 Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
5.3 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6 Latest Contributions 239
6.1 Effect of Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.2 Beyond Single-hop Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.3 Other Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7 Future Directions and Open Questions 246
7.1 Connection with Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.2 Connection with Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Acknowledgements 252
References 253
Age of Information: A New
Concept, Metric, and Tool
Antzela Kosta
1
, Nikolaos Pappas
2
and Vangelis Angelakis
3
1
Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;
antzela.kosta@liu.se
2
Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;
nikolaos.pappas@liu.se
3
Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden;
vangelis.angelakis@liu.se
ABSTRACT
Age of information (AoI) was introduced in the early 2010s
as a notion to characterize the freshness of the knowledge
a system has about a process observed remotely. AoI was
shown to be a fundamentally novel metric of timeliness,
significantly different, to existing ones such as delay and
latency. The importance of such a tool is paramount, espe-
cially in contexts other than transport of information, since
communication takes place also to control, or to compute,
or to infer, and not just to reproduce messages of a source.
This volume comes to present and discuss the first body of
works on AoI and discuss future directions that could yield
more challenging and interesting research.
Antzela Kosta, Nikolaos Pappas and Vangelis Angelakis (2017), “Age of Information:
A New Concept, Metric, and Tool”, Foundations and Trends
R
in Networking: Vol.
12, No. 3, pp 162–259. DOI: 10.1561/1300000060.
1
Introduction
The concept of Age of Information (AoI) was introduced in 2011 in [31]
to quantify the freshness of the knowledge we have about the status of
a remote system. More specifically, AoI is the time elapsed since the
generation of the last successfully received message containing update
information about its source system. Utilizing a simple communication
system model, in a series of papers ([32], [33], [30], and [58]), the
first group of characterizations of the Age of Information metric had
appeared by 2012. Since then, AoI has attracted a vivid interest, with
over 50 publications, in the last six years
1
.
The attention AoI has been receiving is due to two factors. The first
is the sheer novelty brought by AoI in characterizing the freshness of
information versus for example that of the metrics of delay or latency.
Second, the need and importance of characterizing the freshness of such
information is paramount in a wide range of information, communication,
and control systems. By now, age has been studied with considerable
diversity of systems, being as a concept, a performance metric, and a
tool.
1
In this volume we take into consideration works that have been published no
later than June 2017.
163
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