GPU Pro 360：深度解析光照技术

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"GPU Pro 360 Guide to Lighting.pdf" 本书是《GPU Pro 360光照指南》，由Wolfgang Engel编辑，由CRC Press（Taylor & Francis Group的一个印记）出版。这本书汇集了来自权威来源的信息，旨在提供关于GPU渲染和光照技术的深入指导。尽管作者和出版社已尽力确保内容的可靠性，但他们不对所有材料的准确性和使用后果承担责任。书中可能引用了一些未获得正式许可的材料，出版社承诺如果发现此类情况，会在后续再版中进行修正。此书的内容可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **GPU渲染基础**：书中可能详细解释了GPU在图形处理中的核心作用，包括如何利用GPU加速渲染过程，以及GPU相比于CPU在图形计算上的优势。 2. **光照理论**：可能会深入探讨光的基本原理，如光的传播、反射、折射、阴影等，以及这些理论如何在实时渲染中应用。 3. **光照模型**：可能涵盖了各种光照模型，如Phong模型、Blinn-Phong模型、PBR（物理基础渲染）等，并分析了它们在不同场景中的适用性。 4. **实时渲染技术**：针对游戏开发和交互式应用，可能会讲解如何实现实时的高质量光照效果，包括动态光照、全局光照、环境光遮蔽等。 5. **GPU编程**：可能包含CUDA或OpenGL等GPU编程语言的基础知识，以及如何使用它们来实现自定义的光照算法。 6. **案例研究**：通过具体的项目或案例，展示如何将理论知识应用于实际的光照设计中，帮助读者理解并提升实践技能。 7. **性能优化**：讨论如何在保证视觉质量的同时，最大限度地提高GPU渲染效率，降低系统资源的消耗。 8. **最新技术进展**：可能涵盖了GPU硬件和软件的最新发展，如硬件光线追踪、DLSS（深度学习超级采样）等技术。 9. **版权与法律信息**：提醒读者尊重知识产权，未经许可，不得非法复制或重制书中的任何部分，除非符合美国版权法的规定。《GPU Pro 360光照指南》是一本面向专业图形开发者和对GPU渲染感兴趣的读者的宝贵参考资料，它提供了丰富的理论知识和实践经验，有助于读者提升在GPU光照处理方面的专业能力。

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Intro duction xv

coauthors describe a simple solution to computing bent normals as a byproduct

of screen-space ambient occlusion. This recovers some directional information of

the otherwise fully decoupled occlusion and lighting computation. The authors

further extend bent normals to bent cones, which not only store the average

direction of incident light, but also the opening angle. When preconvolving dis-

tant lighting, this results in physically more plausible lighting at the speed and

simplicity of ambient occlusion.

The chapter “Physically Based Area Lights,” by Michal Drobot, discusses

the lighting approach used in the Playstation 4 exclusive launch title Killzone:

Shadow Fall from Guerrilla Games. The author went beyond the energy pre-

serving model implementation and focused on accurate area light representation

needed, for example, for realistic specular reﬂections of the Sun. Area lights

are almost a necessity for eﬀective work with the new energy preserving lighting

models, as these don’t allow artists to fake bright and wide specular lobes any

more.

“High Performance Outdoor Light Scattering Using Epipolar Sampling,” by

Egor Yusov, describes the eﬃcient solution for rendering large scale Sun-lit at-

mospheres. The author uses epipolar sampling and 1D min-max shadow maps to

accelerate the rendering process.

The next chapter, “Hi-Z Screen-Space Cone-Traced Reﬂections,” by Yasin

Uludag, describes the fast screen-space real-time reﬂections system used in the

game Mirror’s Edge. Uludag uses ideas from cone tracing to produce plausible

reﬂections for any surface roughness as well as hierarchical Z-buﬀers to accelerate

the ray marching pass.

“TressFX: Advanced Real-Time Hair Rendering,” by Timothy Martin, Wolf-

gang Engel, Nicolas Thibieroz, Jason Yang, and Jason Lacroix, discusses tech-

niques used for hair rendering in the Tomb Raider. The authors cover individual

conservative hair rasterization and antialiasing, transparency sorting using linked

lists, as well as lighting and shadowing of the hair volume.

“Wire Antialiasing,” by Emil Persson, focuses on the very speciﬁc problem of

antialiasing and lighting of wire meshes (such as telephone cables).

The chapter “Real-Time Lighting via Light Linked List,” by Abdul Bezrati,

discusses an extension to the deferred lighting approach used at Insomniac Games.

The algorithm allows us to properly shade both opaque and translucent surfaces

of a scene in an uniform way. The algorithm manages linked lists of lights aﬀecting

each pixel on screen. Each shaded pixel then can read this list and compute the

appropriate lighting and shadows.

The next two chapters describe techniques used in Assassin’s Creed IV: Black

Flag from Ubisoft. “Deferred Normalized Irradiance Probes,” by John Huelin,

Benjamin Rouveyrol, and Bart lomiej Wro´nski, describes the global illumination

with day–night cycle support. The authors take time to talk about various tools

and runtime optimizations that allowed them to achieve very quick turnaround

time during the development.

xvi Intro duction

“Volumetric Fog and Lighting,” by Bart lomiej Wro´nski, focuses on volumetric

fog and scattering rendering. The chapter goes beyond screen-space ray marching

and describes a fully volumetric solution running on compute shaders and oﬀers

various practical quality and performance optimizations.

The next chapter, “Physically Based Light Probe Generation on GPU” by

Ivan Spogreev, shows several performance optimizations that allowed the gener-

ation of specular light probes in FIFA 15. The algorithm relies on importance

sampling in order to minimize the amount of image samples required to correctly

approximate the specular reﬂection probes.

“Real-Time Global Illumination Using Slices,” by Hugh Malan, describes a

novel way of computing single-bounce indirect lighting. The technique uses slices,

a set of 2D images aligned to scene surfaces, that store the scene radiance to

compute and propagate the indirect lighting in real time.

The next three chapters try to solve a particular set of performance or quality

issues in tiled forward or deferred rendering techniques. The last chapter brings

new ideas to cloud rendering and lighting and goes beyond the usual ray marching

through several layers of Perlin noise.

“Clustered Shading: Assigning Lights Using Conservative Rasterization in

DirectX 12,” by Kevin

Ortegren and Emil Persson, discusses an interesting im-

provement and simpliﬁcation of clustered shading by utilizing conservative ras-

terization available in DirectX 12. Tiled shading partitions screen into a set of

2D tiles and for each tile ﬁnds all lights that intersect it. Geometry rendering

then reads the light information from the corresponding tile and performs actual

shading. Clustered shading uses 3D cells instead of 2D tiles and reduces the

amount of lights that can potentially aﬀect a given pixel.

“Fine Pruned Tiled Light Lists,” by Morten S. Mikkelsen, describes a novel

tiled rendering optimization used in Rise of the Tomb Raider. Assignment of

lights to tiles happens in two steps. The ﬁrst step computes a simple bound-

ing volume intersection with the 2D tile. The second step actually determines

whether any pixel in the tile intersects with the light shape in three dimensions

and excludes all lights that do not aﬀect the visible pixels. The second step is

more costly but greatly reduces the amount of lights per tile. This chapter also

utilizes asynchronous compute to utilize spare GPU cycles during shadow map

rendering, eﬀectively making this computation almost free.

“Deferred Attribute Interpolation Shading,” by Christoph Schied and Carsten

Dachsbacher, presents an exciting take on classical deferred shading. Instead of

storing material properties in the G-buﬀer, the authors chose to store triangle in-

formation for each pixel and evaluate the material at a later stage of the rendering.

This approach greatly reduces the bandwidth requirements of deferred rendering

and allows for much easier support of multi-sample antialiasing techniques.

“Real-Time Volumetric Cloudscapes,” by Andrew Schneider, describes the

cloud rendering solution used in Horizon: Zero Dawn by Guerrilla Games. The

author focuses on two important aspects of cloud rendering. First, he describes

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