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首页Goodaire的《纯与应用线性代数》:理论与实际并重
"《线性代数:纯与应用》是由加拿大 Memorial University 的 Edgar G. Goodaire 教授编著的一本国外原版线性代数教材。本书采取矩阵导向的方法,覆盖了北美通常被称为“线性代数 I”和“线性代数 II”的传统课程内容,同时深入探讨了高级主题,如伪逆和奇异值分解,使其适合作为更高级课程的学习材料。与其他教材不同的是,它从欧几里得三维空间的几何出发,以便尽早引入线性组合、线性独立性和向量空间的跨度等重要概念,并在实际背景中讲解,使得抽象概念更易于学生理解。 书中的内容注重理论严谨性,涵盖了线性代数的基础定义和定理。然而,大部分情况下,它将向量空间限制在欧氏 n 空间内,而线性变换主要聚焦于矩阵表示,这使得书中的内容更具可操作性和吸引力,尤其对当今的学生而言。正如副标题所示,应用方面也占据重要地位,编码理论和最小二乘法是反复出现的主题。其他应用领域包括电路分析、马尔可夫链、二次形式、圆锥曲线、人脸识别和计算机图形学等,这些实际应用案例帮助读者更好地理解和应用所学知识。 《线性代数:纯与应用》是一本综合了基础理论与实际应用的教材,既适合初学者系统学习线性代数,又为进阶学习者提供了深入探究的平台,使读者在掌握基本概念的同时,能够看到其在现实生活和科学技术中的实际应用价值。"
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Suggested Lecture Schedule
1
The
Geometry
of
the
Plane
and
3-space 11 Lectures
1.1
Vectors
and
Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Length
and
Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3
L1Des,
Planes
and
the
Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5
L1Dear
Dependence
and
Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Matrices
llDd
Linear Equations
18
Lectures
2.1 The Algebra
of
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
~
2.2 Application: Generating Codes with Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.3 Inverse
and
Transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
~
2.4 Systems
of
Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.5 Application: Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.6 Homogeneous Systems; Linear Independence . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.7 Elementary Matrices
and
LU
Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.8
I.DU
Faclori.zalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.9 More
on
the
Inverse
of
a Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Determinants, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors 11 Lectures
3.1
The Determinant
of
a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 Properties of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Application: Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
3.4 Eigenvalues
and
Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
~
3.5 Similarity
and
Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
~
3.6 Application: Linear Recurrence Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3.7 Application: Markov Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
xv
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Lecture Schedule
4
Vector
Spaces
14
Lectures
4.1
The
Theory
of
Unear
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.2
Subspaces
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
~
4.3 Basis
and
Dimension
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
~
4.4 Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
~
4.5 One-sided Inverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
~
S Linear
Transfonnations
9 Lectures
S.1
Fund.am.entals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.2 Matrix
Multiplication Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Application:
Computer
Graphics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S.4
The
Matrices
of
a
Unear
Transformation
. . . . . . . . . . . .
..
5.5
Changing
Coordinates
1
I
2
2
6
Orthogonality
12
Lectures
6.1
Projection
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
6.2 Application:
Data
Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
~
6.3
The
Gram-Schmidt Algorithm
and
Qll
Factorization . . . . . . . 2
~
6.4 Orthogonal Subspaces
and
Complements
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6.5
The
Pseudoinverse
of
a Matrix
3
7
The
Specoal
Theorem
4
or
10
Lectures
7.1
Complex
Numbers
and
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7.2 Unitary Dtagonal1zat1on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7 .3 Real Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7.4 Application:
Quadratic
Forms, Conic
Sections.
. . . . . . . . . . I
7.S
The
Singular Value Decompos1Uon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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1.1.1
Chapter 1
Euclidean n-Space
1.1 Vectors
and
Arrows
A
twt>-dimensional
vector
is
a
pair
of
numbers
written
one
above the
other
in
a column and enclosed
in
brackets. For example,
arc two-dimensional vectors. Different people use different notation for
vectors.
Some
people
underline,
others
use
boldface
m>e
and
still
others
arrows. Thus,
in
various contexts, you may well see
J!.,
v and ii
as
notation for a vector. In this book, we
will
use
boldface, the second form,
but
in
handwriting the
author
prefers
to
underline.
The components
of
the
vector v =
r:]
are the
numbers
a and b.
By
general
agreement, vectors are equal
if
an~
only if they have the same first compo-
nent and the same second component. Thus,
if
[
a-
3]
_
[-1]
211
- 6 '
then
a-
3 =
-1and2b
= 6,
so
a.=
2
and
b =
3.
The
vector[:
J
is
often
pictured
by
an
arrow
in
the plane.
Take any point A(xo.Yo) as the tail
and
B(xo
+ a.,yo + b) as the
head
of
an
arrow. This
arrow, from
A to
B,
is a picture
of
the vector
[:]
.
1
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1.1.2
2
y t B(xo + a, yo +
b)
---
//ii=[:]
.,.../
. A(xo,.)'o)
x
Chapter
1.
Euclidean n-Space
y +
B(x1,.)'l)
----
[ ]
..
/.·AB=
X!
-
XO
,/
Y1
-Yo
..-/
. :A(xo.Yo)
x
Figure 1.1: The arrow from
A(x
0
,y
0
)
to
B(xi.yd
ts a picture
of
the
[
Xl
-Xo]
vector
.Yi
_
.Yo
.
The notation
AB
means the vector pictured
by
the arrow from A
to
B.
Thus
AB
=
[:]
is pictured
by
the arrow shown
on
the left
in
Figure 1.1.
It
is
lmponant
to
distlngulsh between vectors, which are columns of numbers,
and
arrows, which are pictures.
Letting
xi
=
xo
+a
and
Y1
=Yo+"·
so that
the
coord1nates
of
B
become
-
[a.]
["1
-
Xo]
(x
1
,y
1
),wehavea=x
1
-xoandb=y1-Yo,soAB=
b
=Yi-Yo·
The arrow from
A(xo,yo)
to
B(x1,y1)
is
a picture
of
the
vector
AB
""
[;~
=
;~
J .
-
[7-2]
[SJ
For example,
if
A=
(2, 3)
and
B = (7, 4),
the
vector
AB
is
4
_
3
=
1
.
READING CHECK 1.
If
A=
(-2,
3)
and
B =
(1,
5), what is
the
vector
AB?
READING CHECK
2.
Suppose
the
arrow from A to B is a picture
of
the vector
1.1.3
-+
[
3]
.
AB=
-l
.
If
A=
(-4,
2),
what is
B?
Notice
that
a vector can be pictured
by
many
arrows, since we
can
place the
tail
at
any
point
(x
0
,
y
0
).
Each
of
the
arrows
1n
Figure 1.2 ts a picture of the
vector [
~
J . How
do
we know
if
two arrows arc pictures
of
the
same
vector?
I
Two arrows picture
the
same vector
1f
and
only
1f
they have the same length
and
the same directiorL
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I.I.
Vectors andAlTows
(-3,3)
I
<-4,1)
I
(-2,0)
y
(0.1)
I
J1
i
/ I
(1,2)
~
~~~~~~~-+----<--~~~~~~~~<•
x
(2,-1)
•
I
I
I
(1,
-3)
Ftgure 1.2:
Five
arrows, each one a picture of the vector [
~]
.
Scalar Multiplication
3
We
can
multiply vectors
by
numbers,
an
operation called "scalar multipli-
calion. • Almost always, ·scalar"
1
means
•real
number;
so
·scalar
mullipli-
cation"
means
"multiplication
by
a real number." If v
is
a vector
and
c
is
a scalar, we produce the scalar mutttple cv multiplytng "componentwtse" In
the
obvious way. For example,
As
illustrated
by
the
last
example,
-v
means
(-1
)v.
READING
CHECK
3.
Is
-v
a scalar multiple
of
v?
Can you
see
the
connection between
an
arrow for v
and
an
arrow for 2v
or
an
arrow for
-v?
Look
at
Figure 1.3. The vector 2v
has
the
same
direction
as
v,
but
1t ts twice
as
long;
-v
has
the
same
length
as
but
direction opposite
that
of
v;
Ov
= [
~]
is
called
the
zero vector
and
denoted
with a boldface 0.
It
has
length 0, no direction
and
is pictured
by
a single point.
I.IA
Definitions. Vectors u
and
v are
parallel
if
one is a scalar multiple
of
the
other,
that
is,
if
u = cv
or
v =
cu
for some scalar
c.
They have
the
same
direction
if
c > 0
and
opposite
direction
if
c < 0.
1
In Chapter 7, scalars will
be
complex numbers. In general, scalars can come from any
"fteld• (a special
kind
of
algebraic
nmnber
system). They
mtght
be
JUst
Os
and
ls.
for
Instance..
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