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1
Abstract—Through the use of low absorption Zeonex
®
polymer,
three flexible low-loss hollow-core tube-lattice fibres were
successfully fabricated for Terahertz radiation, spanning the
range 0.1-1.5 THz. The loss and dispersion of these fibres were
investigated through both experimental characterization and
simulations. The fibres had characteristic transmission windows
determined by the thickness of the tubes in the cladding, and both
loss and dispersion were shown to be low in the middle of these as
expected. The experimental results were in good accord with
simulations. Losses of 5 dB/m were shown for low frequencies,
whilst at high frequencies losses of 0.1-1 dB/m were estimated,
making these amongst the lowest losses reported for this
frequency range.
Index Terms—Low-loss polymer fibre, THz regime, tube-lattice
cladding
I. INTRODUCTION
ERAHERTZ (THz) frequency radiation, as the last region
of the electromagnetic spectrum to be thoroughly
investigated, has great potential in security and medical
applications [1]. Interest in THz radiation (spanning the
frequency range 0.1-10×10
12
Hz) arises from its interaction
with common materials. Most packaging materials are
transparent to THz radiation, whilst many substances, such as
some drugs and explosives, have distinct spectral signatures.
Hence, THz radiation can be used in the non-destructive
evaluation of various materials through imaging and
spectroscopy [2]. Research on THz radiation began in the
1970’s [3], which was largely limited to generating and
detecting the radiation with little control or manipulation. In
this early phase of development, THz radiation was typically
transmitted over free-space using mirrors and plastic lenses [4].
This method suffers high loss and little control over the
radiation.
Manuscript received XX XX XXXX; revised XX XX XXXX; accepted XX
XX XXXX. Date of publication XX XX XXXX; date of current version XX
XX XXXX. This work was supported in part by the Australian Research
Council under grant DP1093789 and National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant No. 61475016.
W. Lu is with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing
Jiaotong Univerisy, Beijing, 100044, China, and also with the Institute of
Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney,
Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia. (e-mail: willinglu@gmail.com).
S. Lou is with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering,
Beijing Jiaotong Univerisy, Beijing, 100044, China. (e-mail:
shqlou@bjtu.edu.cn)
A. Argyros is with the Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of
Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia. (e-mail:
alexander.argyros@sydney.edu.au).
Waveguides can confine and control the transmission of THz
radiation and can facilitate intensive interaction with different
materials. Early THz waveguides were analogous to microwave
technology using hollow metal waveguides, consisting of holes
in metal slabs or metal-coated glass tubes [5-7]. The size of
metal/metal-coated waveguides is required to be of the same
order as the wavelength, so the waveguides for low frequency
THz are too large and impractical. Hence, low-loss
metal-coated THz waveguides were only demonstrated for the
higher frequency region, such as achieving 0.95 dB/m at
2.5 THz in Ref. [7]. Additionally, metal/metal-coated
waveguides of such sizes are too rigid to bend, making them
hard to use in practical systems. In 2002, Han demonstrated a
microstructured polymer fibre (mPOF) for THz [8], introducing
mPOF to the THz field. mPOFs have advantages in fabrication,
bandwidth and flexibility compared to metal/metal-coated
waveguides. In 2009, Nielsen demonstrated a low-loss
bendable THz fibre made of Topas®. The bending is performed
after gentle heating to a temperature above the glass transition
temperature, constituting a permanently bent shape, rather than
a flexible waveguide [9]. THz fibres using an array of holes
around a solid core, have been demonstrated using high-density
polyethylene (HDPE) [8], Topas
®
[9] and Teflon[10]. They
achieved 0.5 cm
-1
(12 dB/m) for 0.2-3 THz, 0.1 cm
-1
(2.3 dB/m)
for 0.35-0.65 THz and 0.12 cm
-1
(2.8 dB/m) for 0.1-1.3 THz,
respectively. A Zeonex
®
single-mode suspended-core design –
a solid core surrounded by five air holes – was reported to
achieve an average of 0.133 cm
-1
(3 dB/m) over 0.3-0.9 THz
due to low material absorption [11]. THz radiation propagates
in the solid core in these fibres, so fibre loss mainly depends on
the absorption of the material.
To minimize the effects of material absorption, two kinds of
hollow-core fibres, photonic bandgap fibres and inhibited
coupling fibres, emerged. Photonic bandgap fibres [12]
typically guide over a narrower spectral range, making
inhibited coupling fibres [13] a more attractive option for THz
radiation where a wide frequency band may need to be guided.
Inhibited coupling fibres have been studied in detail for the
transmission of higher frequencies (infrared, visible and UV)
[13-24], and in addition to guiding wider frequency ranges,
have achieved lower loss than photonic bandgap fibres for
wavelengths below approximately 1 µm [17, 22, 24]. A
negative curvature in the boundary of the core is known to be
important in reducing the loss[19, 20, 22, 23]. Such inhibited
coupling designs, including tube-lattice cladding fibres with a
negative core boundary curvature, have been proposed for THz
frequencies [25-29].
Investigation of Flexible Low-loss Hollow-core Fibres
with Tube-lattice Cladding for Terahertz Radiation
Wenliang Lu, Shuqin Lou, and Alexander Argyros
T
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