程序员视角：《计算机系统》第三版详解

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Network Programming

917

11.l

The Client-Server Programming M9del

918

11.2 Networks 919

11.3 The Global IP Inten;iet

924

11.3.1 IP .:\dc!resses

925

11.3.2 Internet Domain N'ames

927

11.3.3 Internet Connections 929

11.4 The Sockets Interface 932

11.4.1 Socket Addre,ss Structures

933

11.4.2 The

socket

Function 934

11.4.3 The

connect

Function 934

11.4.4 The

bind

Function 935

·~

11.4.5 The

listen

Function

93~

r .

11.4.6 The acc-:pt Function 936

11.4.7

Host

and Service Conversion 937

£ I

11.4.8 Helper Functions for the

Socket~

Ip.terface 942

11.4.9 Example Echo Client and Server ·944

11.S Web Servers 948

11.5.1 Web Basics 948

11.5.7 Web Content 949

11.5.3

HTIP

Transactions 950

11.5.4 Serving Dynamic Content 953

11.6 Putting

Together: The

TINY

Web Server 956

11.7 Summary

964

Bibliographic Notes

965

Homework Problems 965

Solutions to Practice Problems 966

Concurrent Programming

971

12.l

Concurrent Programming with Processes

973

12.1.1 A Concurrent Server Based on Processes 974

12.1.2 Pros and Cons

Processes 975

12.2 Concurrent Programming with I/O Multiplexing

977

12.2.l A Concurrent Event-Driven Server Based on I/O

Multiplexing 980

12.2.2 Pros and Cons of I/O Multiplexing 985

12.3 Concurrent Programming with Threads 985

12.3.l Thread Execution Model 986

Contents xvii

Preface

This

book

(known as CS:APP)

for computer scientists, computer engineers, and

others who want to be able to write

better

programs by learning what is going

"under the hood'" of.a computer systefn.

Our

aim'is to explain

the

enduring concepts underlying all computer systenls,

and to show you the cohcrete ways that

these

ideas affect

the

correctn'ess;perfSr-

mance,'lmd

utility

your

application programs.'Mlmy systems

bob

ks are

\vritten

from a

builder's perspective, describing how to implement the hardware

th'e sys-

tems software,

inC!uding the operating system, compiler, and network·iiltefface.

Thisbook

wrihen from"a progr'dmme""' pefspective,'describing how application

programmers can use

their knowledge

a system to write

better

programs.

'Of

course, learning what a system

i§

supposed to do provide&.a good first step

learn-

ing how to

build one,'so this book also serves as

a·

valuable introduction to those

who go on to iinplemeht systems hardware and soffware. Most systems books also

tend to focus on just one aspect

the system, for example, the•hardware archi-

tecture: the operating system, the compiler,

the "network. Tiiis book" spans all

of·these aspects,' with !lie unifying theme

a progranfmer's perspective.

you·study

ancl-learh>.the-concepts-in-this-!:mok~you-.wiU1:le"on·yoni-wzj>'tcr--

becoming the

'rare

power

progranimer'who knows how things

work'and

how

fix

them when tbey'bteak. You will· be able to write programs that·make•better

use of the'caP,abiij(ies provided by theloperating systeni'and systellis software,

that operate 'correctly across'1i

wicte'

range

operating conditibhs and

run'.-t:llne

parameters,' that

run

faster, and

that

avoid the flaws

that

make·ptogramS vu!Iler-

able

t'6

cybefatt'ack-. You will

prepared to delve

deeper

into 'advanced topics

sucn

conipilers;'c6mputer architecture, 'operating

sy~tems,

embedded systems,

networking, and cybersecurity.

Assumptions'

abou't

the

Reader's

Backgrourid "

This book focuses on systems that execute x86-64 machine code. x86-64

the latest

in an evolutionary

path

followed by Intel and its competitors .that started with the

8086

microprocessor in 1978.

Due

to the naming conventions used by Intel for

its microprocessor line, this class

microprocessors

referr~d

tq coll9ql'ially as

"x86."

semiconductor technology has evolved to allow more transistors to

integrated onto a single. chip, these processors have progressed greatly in their

computing.ppwer. and theii:.mel)lory capacity. 'As.part

of,

this ptogression, (hey

have gone from pp,erating on· 16-bit

'XQW,

to.32-bit.words with the; introduction

of IA32 processors, and most recently to 64-bit words with x86-64.

consider how these machines execute C programs on Linux. Linux is.one

of a

number·of

operating systems·having their heritage in the Unix operating

system developed originally by Bell Laboratories.

Other

members-of this class

xix

Preface

operating systems include Solaris, FreeBSD, and MacOS X.

recent years,

these operating systems have maintained a high level of compatibility through the

efforts

the Posix and Standard Unix Specification standardization efforts. Thus,

the material in this book applies almost directly to these

"Unix-like" operating

systems.

The, text contains numerous programming examples that have been compiled

and run

Linux systems.

assume that you have access to such a machine, and

are able to log in and do simple things such as listing files and changing directo-

ries.

your computer runs Microsoft Windows, we recommend that you install

one

the many different virtual machine environments (such

Virtua!Box

VMWare) that allow programs written for one operating system (the guest OS)

to run under another (the host OS).

also assume that you have some familiarity with C

C++.

your only

prior experience is with Java, the transition will require more effort

your part,

but we will help you. Java and C share similar syntax and control statements.

However, there are aspects of C (particularly pointers, explicit dynamic memory

allocation, and formatted

I/O) that do not exist in Java. Fortunately, C

a small

language, and it

clearly and beautifully described in the classic "K&R" text

J?rian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie

[61].

Regardless

your programming

background, consider

K&R

an essential part of your personal systems library.

your prior experience

with an interpreted language, such as Python, Ruby, or

Perl, you will definitely want to devote some

ti_me

to learning C before you attempt

use this book.

Several

the early chapters in the book explore the interactions between C

programs and their machine-language counterparts. The machine-language exam-

ples were all generated by the

GNU ace compiler running on x86-64 processors.

We do

not

assume any prior experience with hardware, machine language, or

assembly-language programming.

How

Read

the

Book

Learning how computer systems work from a programmer's perspective

great

fun, mainly because you can do it actively. Whenever you learn somethihg

new,

you can try it out right away and see the result firsthand.

fact, we believe that

the only way

learn systems

to do systems, either working concrete problems

writing and running programs

real systems.

This theme pervades the entire book. When a new concept

introduced, it

followed in the text by one

more practice problems that you should work

--~·

~·

------'----------~-'---'code!intro/hello.c

#include

<st!dio.h>

int

main()

4 {

printf("hello,

world\n");

return

7 }

-------------~----------

code/introlhel/o.c

Figure 1 A typical

code

exqmple.

immeC!iately to test your understanding. Solutions t6 the practice problems are

at the end of each

chapter. As you read, try to solve each problem on your own

and then check the solution

make sure you are

the

rigll.t

track.

Each

chapter

fallowed by a s6t

homework problems of varying difficulty. Your instructor

has the solutiohs to \he h6mework p1ob!ems in

instructor's manual.

For

each

homew9rk problem, we

show a rating

the amount of effort we feel it will require:

' '

+ Should require just a few

min~t~s.

Little

programming required.

•

~,t

MighVygui,re

up,

to 20 mip.utes. Often il)volves

Wfili.i;ig.and

,t,esting some

code. (Many

these,arq'flerived from pn1blems.we

ha,ve

given

exams.)

+++

Requires a sjgnificant;,effort

perhaps1-2

hours. Generally in\lolves writ-

ing and testing a significant amount

code ..

++++

A lab assignment, requiring up to 10 hours

effort.

Each

eode example in the

te;t

was formatted directly, Without any manual

intervention, from a C program compile<i":ith

clC<;

and' tested on a

Lin

ID:·

system.

of"course, your system may have a different version

ace,

a different compiler

• ' '

'<}

altogether, so your compiler might generate different \fiachme code;

but

the

overall behavior should

the same.

All

the.source code!i§' available from the

CS:APP Web page ("CS:APP" being our

shorthahd

fot

146

book's title)

csapp

.cs.cmu.edu.

the text, the filenarlies

the so'urce progrAhts

are

docuinented

horizont111

bars

that

sutround the formatted code.

For

example; the program

Figure' I can

found in the file

hello.

c in directory code"f

intro/.

We encourage

yoli1o try rurming the example programs

your system

you encounter them.

To avoid.having a.book

that

is overwhelming,

both

irrbulk and in content, we

have:cre'ated•a'number of.w.rb asides containing matetial that.supplements the

main presentatioh

of1ha

boolo.,These asides are referenced!Within the

book

with

a notation'of the form

CHAE:TOP,

where

CHAP

ashoi;~

encoding

the chapter sub-

·iect,

and

TOPds.a

shott-cocje·fonthe topic-that is covered.·For example, Web Aside

DATK.BOOL

contains supplementary material on·Booleanalgebra for the presenta-

tion

data representations in Chapter 2, while Web Aside

ARCH:VLOG

contains

Preface

,xxi

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