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首页《Clean Architecture:软件结构与设计的工匠指南》深度解析
《Clean Architecture:软件结构与设计的工匠指南》深度解析
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《Clean Architecture:一个工匠的软件结构与设计指南》是一本深受程序员推崇的著作,由经验丰富的作者倾力打造,旨在提供深入的编程设计原则和实践指导。这本书不仅探讨了现代软件架构的核心理念,如分层设计、单一职责原则和松耦合,而且强调了在实际项目中实现清晰、可维护和灵活的系统架构的重要性。 本书采用了EPUB格式,这是一种开放且广泛接受的电子书标准,但不同阅读设备和应用对EPUB的支持可能存在差异。为了获得最佳阅读体验,读者可以根据个人喜好调整设置,如字体、字号、单双列模式、横竖排版以及可点击放大图片。对于代码示例和配置例子,作者特别提示读者在单列模式和最大字体大小下查看,以确保这些元素的清晰呈现。 在可流式文本格式中展示代码和配置可能会影响列表格式,因此当出现这种情况时,会有一个“点击此处查看代码图片”的链接。通过这个链接,读者可以查看与纸质书印刷质量相当的代码图像,从而保持原始代码布局的完整性。返回之前的页面查看方式也一应俱全。 《Clean Architecture》不仅教授理论,更注重实践操作,它将帮助读者理解和应用高级设计模式,以构建健壮、可扩展的软件体系结构。无论是初次接触架构设计的新手,还是希望提升现有技能的资深开发者,都能从中受益匪浅。这是一本不可多得的参考资料,对于那些追求软件工程艺术和实用性的工程师来说,是一部必读之作。
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FOREWORD
Whatdowetalkaboutwhenwetalkaboutarchitecture?
Aswithanymetaphor,describingsoftwarethroughthelensofarchitecturecan
hideasmuchasitcanreveal.Itcanbothpromisemorethanitcandeliverand
delivermorethanitpromises.
Theobviousappealofarchitectureisstructure,andstructureissomethingthat
dominatestheparadigmsanddiscussionsofsoftwaredevelopment—
components,classes,functions,modules,layers,andservices,microormacro.
Butthegrossstructureofsomanysoftwaresystemsoftendefieseitherbeliefor
understanding—EnterpriseSovietschemesdestinedforlegacy,improbable
Jengatowersreachingtowardthecloud,archaeologicallayersburiedinabig-
ball-of-mudslide.It’snotobviousthatsoftwarestructureobeysourintuitionthe
waybuildingstructuredoes.
Buildingshaveanobviousphysicalstructure,whetherrootedinstoneor
concrete,whetherarchinghighorsprawlingwide,whetherlargeorsmall,
whethermagnificentormundane.Theirstructureshavelittlechoicebutto
respectthephysicsofgravityandtheirmaterials.Ontheotherhand—exceptin
itssenseofseriousness—softwarehaslittletimeforgravity.Andwhatis
softwaremadeof?Unlikebuildings,whichmaybemadeofbricks,concrete,
wood,steel,andglass,softwareismadeofsoftware.Largesoftwareconstructs
aremadefromsmallersoftwarecomponents,whichareinturnmadeofsmaller
softwarecomponentsstill,andsoon.It’scodingturtlesallthewaydown.
Whenwetalkaboutsoftwarearchitecture,softwareisrecursiveandfractalin
nature,etchedandsketchedincode.Everythingisdetails.Interlockinglevelsof
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detailalsocontributetoabuilding’sarchitecture,butitdoesn’tmakesenseto
talkaboutphysicalscaleinsoftware.Softwarehasstructure—manystructures
andmanykindsofstructures—butitsvarietyeclipsestherangeofphysical
structurefoundinbuildings.Youcanevenarguequiteconvincinglythatthereis
moredesignactivityandfocusinsoftwarethaninbuildingarchitecture—inthis
sense,it’snotunreasonabletoconsidersoftwarearchitecturemorearchitectural
thanbuildingarchitecture!
Butphysicalscaleissomethinghumansunderstandandlookforintheworld.
Althoughappealingandvisuallyobvious,theboxesonaPowerPointdiagram
arenotasoftwaresystem’sarchitecture.There’snodoubttheyrepresenta
particularviewofanarchitecture,buttomistakeboxesforthebigpicture—for
thearchitecture—istomissthebigpictureandthearchitecture:Software
architecturedoesn’tlooklikeanything.Aparticularvisualizationisachoice,not
agiven.Itisachoicefoundedonafurthersetofchoices:whattoinclude;what
toexclude;whattoemphasizebyshapeorcolor;whattode-emphasizethrough
uniformityoromission.Thereisnothingnaturalorintrinsicaboutoneviewover
another.
Althoughitmightnotmakesensetotalkaboutphysicsandphysicalscalein
softwarearchitecture,wedoappreciateandcareaboutcertainphysical
constraints.Processorspeedandnetworkbandwidthcandeliveraharshverdict
onasystem’sperformance.Memoryandstoragecanlimittheambitionsofany
codebase.Softwaremaybesuchstuffasdreamsaremadeon,butitrunsinthe
physicalworld.
Thisisthemonstrosityinlove,lady,thatthewillisinfinite,andtheexecutionconfined;thatthe
desireisboundless,andtheactaslavetolimit.
—WilliamShakespeare
Thephysicalworldiswhereweandourcompaniesandoureconomieslive.This
givesusanothercalibrationwecanunderstandsoftwarearchitectureby,other
lessphysicalforcesandquantitiesthroughwhichwecantalkandreason.
Architecturerepresentsthesignificantdesigndecisionsthatshapeasystem,wheresignificantis
measuredbycostofchange.
—GradyBooch
Time,money,andeffortgiveusasenseofscaletosortbetweenthelargeandthe
small,todistinguishthearchitecturalstufffromtherest.Thismeasurealsotells
ushowwecandeterminewhetheranarchitectureisgoodornot:Notonlydoesa
goodarchitecturemeettheneedsofitsusers,developers,andownersatagiven
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pointintime,butitalsomeetsthemovertime.
Ifyouthinkgoodarchitectureisexpensive,trybadarchitecture.
—BrianFooteandJosephYoder
Thekindsofchangesasystem’sdevelopmenttypicallyexperiencesshouldnot
bethechangesthatarecostly,thatarehardtomake,thattakemanagedprojects
oftheirownratherthanbeingfoldedintothedailyandweeklyflowofwork.
Thatpointleadsustoanot-so-smallphysics-relatedproblem:timetravel.How
doweknowwhatthosetypicalchangeswillbesothatwecanshapethose
significantdecisionsaroundthem?Howdowereducefuturedevelopmenteffort
andcostwithoutcrystalballsandtimemachines?
Architectureisthedecisionsthatyouwishyoucouldgetrightearlyinaproject,butthatyouare
notnecessarilymorelikelytogetthemrightthananyother.
—RalphJohnson
Understandingthepastishardenoughasitis;ourgraspofthepresentis
slipperyatbest;predictingthefutureisnontrivial.
Thisiswheretheroadforksmanyways.
Downthedarkestpathcomestheideathatstrongandstablearchitecturecomes
fromauthorityandrigidity.Ifchangeisexpensive,changeiseliminated—its
causessubduedorheadedoffintoabureaucraticditch.Thearchitect’smandate
istotalandtotalitarian,withthearchitecturebecomingadystopiaforits
developersandaconstantsourceoffrustrationforall.
Downanotherpathcomesastrongsmellofspeculativegenerality.Aroutefilled
withhard-codedguesswork,countlessparameters,tombsofdeadcode,andmore
accidentalcomplexitythanyoucanshakeamaintenancebudgetat.
Thepathwearemostinterestedisthecleanestone.Itrecognizesthesoftnessof
softwareandaimstopreserveitasafirst-classpropertyofthesystem.It
recognizesthatweoperatewithincompleteknowledge,butitalsounderstands
that,ashumans,operatingwithincompleteknowledgeissomethingwedo,
somethingwe’regoodat.Itplaysmoretoourstrengthsthantoourweaknesses.
Wecreatethingsandwediscoverthings.Weaskquestionsandwerun
experiments.Agoodarchitecturecomesfromunderstandingitmoreasajourney
thanasadestination,moreasanongoingprocessofenquirythanasafrozen
artifact.
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Architectureisahypothesis,thatneedstobeprovenbyimplementationandmeasurement.
—TomGilb
Towalkthispathrequirescareandattention,thoughtandobservation,practice
andprinciple.Thismightatfirstsoundslow,butit’sallinthewaythatyouwalk.
Theonlywaytogofast,istogowell.
—RobertC.Martin
Enjoythejourney.
—KevlinHenney
May2017
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PREFACE
ThetitleofthisbookisCleanArchitecture.That’sanaudaciousname.Some
wouldevencallitarrogant.SowhydidIchoosethattitle,andwhydidIwrite
thisbook?
Iwrotemyveryfirstlineofcodein1964,attheageof12.Theyearisnow
2016,soIhavebeenwritingcodeformorethanhalfacentury.Inthattime,I
havelearnedafewthingsabouthowtostructuresoftwaresystems—thingsthatI
believeotherswouldlikelyfindvaluable.
Ilearnedthesethingsbybuildingmanysystems,bothlargeandsmall.Ihave
builtsmallembeddedsystemsandlargebatchprocessingsystems.Ihavebuilt
real-timesystemsandwebsystems.Ihavebuiltconsoleapps,GUIapps,process
controlapps,games,accountingsystems,telecommunicationssystems,design
tools,drawingapps,andmany,manyothers.
Ihavebuiltsingle-threadedapps,multithreadedapps,appswithfewheavy-
weightprocesses,appswithmanylight-weightprocesses,multiprocessorapps,
databaseapps,mathematicalapps,computationalgeometryapps,andmany,
manyothers.
I’vebuiltalotofapps.I’vebuiltalotofsystems.Andfromthemall,andby
takingthemallintoconsideration,I’velearnedsomethingstartling.
Thearchitecturerulesarethesame!
ThisisstartlingbecausethesystemsthatIhavebuilthaveallbeensoradically
different.Whyshouldsuchdifferentsystemsallsharesimilarrulesof
architecture?Myconclusionisthattherulesofsoftwarearchitectureare
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