OpenGL SuperBible第四版：英文原版教程与参考

OpenGL

英文原版

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Color in the Real World..............................................................................186

Ambient Light....................................................................................187

Diffuse Light ......................................................................................188

Specular Light ....................................................................................188

Putting It All Together.......................................................................189

Materials in the Real World........................................................................190

Material Properties.............................................................................190

Adding Light to Materials..................................................................190

Calculating Ambient Light Effects ....................................................190

Diffuse and Specular Effects ..............................................................191

Adding Light to a Scene..............................................................................192

Enabling the Lighting........................................................................192

Setting Up Cosmic Background Radiation........................................192

Setting Material Properties ................................................................193

Using a Light Source ...................................................................................196

Which Way Is Up?.............................................................................197

Surface Normals.................................................................................197

Specifying a Normal ..........................................................................198

Unit Normals .....................................................................................201

Finding a Normal...............................................................................202

Setting Up a Source............................................................................203

Setting the Material Properties ..........................................................205

Specifying the Polygons ....................................................................205

Lighting Effects ...........................................................................................207

Specular Highlights............................................................................207

Specular Light ....................................................................................208

Specular Reflectance ..........................................................................208

Specular Exponent.............................................................................209

Normal Averaging..............................................................................211

Putting It All Together ................................................................................213

Creating a Spotlight...........................................................................214

Drawing a Spotlight...........................................................................216

Shadows.......................................................................................................221

What Is a Shadow? ............................................................................222

Squish Code .......................................................................................223

A Shadow Example ............................................................................223

Sphere World Revisited......................................................................227

Summary .....................................................................................................227

Contents xv

6 More on Colors and Materials....................................................................229
Blending ......................................................................................................229
Combining Colors .............................................................................230
Changing the Blending Equation .....................................................234
Antialiasing ........................................................................................234
Multisample .......................................................................................238
Applying Fog ...............................................................................................240
Fog Equations ....................................................................................242
Fog Coordinates.................................................................................244
Accumulation Buffer...................................................................................244
Other Color Operations..............................................................................248
Color Masking ...................................................................................248
Color Logical Operations...................................................................248
Alpha Testing .....................................................................................249
Dithering............................................................................................250
Summary .....................................................................................................250
7 Imaging with OpenGL ................................................................................251
Bitmaps........................................................................................................252
Bitmapped Data .................................................................................253
The Raster Position ............................................................................256
Pixel Packing ...............................................................................................257
Pixmaps .......................................................................................................258
Packed Pixel Formats .........................................................................260
A More Colorful Example..................................................................261
Moving Pixels Around .......................................................................265
Saving Pixels ......................................................................................266
More Fun with Pixels..................................................................................268
Pixel Zoom.........................................................................................275
Pixel Transfer .....................................................................................277
Pixel Mapping....................................................................................281
The Imaging “Subset” and Pipeline............................................................283
Color Matrix ......................................................................................288
Color Lookup.....................................................................................289
Proxies................................................................................................290
Other Operations...............................................................................291
Convolutions .....................................................................................292
Histogram ..........................................................................................297
Minmax Operations...........................................................................301
Summary .....................................................................................................301
OpenGL SuperBible, Fourth Editionxvi

8 Texture Mapping: The Basics .....................................................................303
Loading Textures.........................................................................................304
Using the Color Buffer ......................................................................307
Updating Textures..............................................................................307
Mapping Textures to Geometry ........................................................308
Texture Matrix ...................................................................................311
A Simple 2D Example .................................................................................311
Texture Environment..................................................................................316
Texture Parameters......................................................................................318
Basic Filtering.....................................................................................318
Texture Wrap .....................................................................................320
Cartoons with Texture.......................................................................321
Mipmapping ......................................................................................325
Texture Objects ...........................................................................................330
Managing Multiple Textures .............................................................331
Summary .....................................................................................................339
9 Texture Mapping: Beyond the Basics.........................................................341
Secondary Color..........................................................................................341
Anisotropic Filtering ...................................................................................344
Texture Compression ..................................................................................347
Compressing Textures........................................................................348
Loading Compressed Textures...........................................................349
Texture Coordinate Generation..................................................................350
Object Linear Mapping......................................................................354
Eye Linear Mapping...........................................................................355
Sphere Mapping.................................................................................356
Cube Mapping ...................................................................................357
Multitexture ................................................................................................362
Multiple Texture Coordinates ...........................................................363
A Multitextured Example ..................................................................364
Texture Combiners......................................................................................369
Point Sprites ................................................................................................371
Using Points.......................................................................................372
Texture Application ...........................................................................374
Point Parameters................................................................................374
Summary .....................................................................................................375
Contents xvii

10 Curves and Surfaces....................................................................................377
Built-in Surfaces ..........................................................................................378
Setting Quadric States........................................................................379
Drawing Quadrics ..............................................................................381
Modeling with Quadrics....................................................................385
Bézier Curves and Surfaces .........................................................................388
Parametric Representation.................................................................388
Evaluators...........................................................................................391
NURBS .........................................................................................................401
From Bézier to B-Splines....................................................................402
Knots ..................................................................................................402
Creating a NURBS Surface .................................................................403
NURBS Properties...............................................................................404
Defining the Surface ..........................................................................404
Trimming ...........................................................................................406
NURBS Curves....................................................................................409
Tessellation..................................................................................................409
The Tessellator ...................................................................................411
Tessellator Callbacks ..........................................................................412
Specifying Vertex Data ......................................................................413
Putting It All Together.......................................................................414
Summary .....................................................................................................419
11 It’s All About the Pipeline: Faster Geometry Throughput.........................421
Display Lists ................................................................................................422
Batch Processing ................................................................................423
Preprocessed Batches .........................................................................424
Display List Caveats...........................................................................426
Converting to Display Lists...............................................................426
Vertex Arrays ...............................................................................................428
Loading the Geometry ......................................................................432
Enabling Arrays..................................................................................432
Where’s the Data?..............................................................................433
Pull the Data and Draw .....................................................................434
Indexed Vertex Arrays .......................................................................435
Vertex Buffer Objects ..................................................................................450
Managing and Using Buffer Objects .................................................450
Back to the Thunderbird! ..................................................................452
Summary .....................................................................................................455
OpenGL SuperBible, Fourth Editionxviii

12 Interactive Graphics....................................................................................457
Selection ......................................................................................................458
Naming Your Primitives ....................................................................458
Working with Selection Mode...........................................................460
The Selection Buffer...........................................................................461
Picking ...............................................................................................464
Hierarchical Picking...........................................................................466
Feedback.............................................................................................471
The Feedback Buffer ..........................................................................471
Feedback Data....................................................................................472
Passthrough Markers .........................................................................473
A Feedback Example ...................................................................................473
Label the Objects for Feedback..........................................................473
Step 1: Select the Object....................................................................476
Step 2: Get Feedback on the Object ..................................................478
Summary .....................................................................................................480
13 Occlusion Queries: Why Do More Work Than You Need To? ...................481
The World Before Occlusion Queries .........................................................482
Bounding Boxes ..........................................................................................485
Querying the Query Object ........................................................................490
Best Practices ...............................................................................................492
Summary .....................................................................................................493
14 Depth Textures and Shadows.....................................................................495
Be That Light...............................................................................................496
Fit the Scene to the Window.............................................................496
No Bells or Whistles, Please...............................................................497
A New Kind of Texture ...............................................................................498
Size Matters........................................................................................499
Draw the Shadows First?!............................................................................500
And Then There Was Light.........................................................................501
Projecting Your Shadow Map: The “Why” .......................................501
Projecting Your Shadow Map: The “How”........................................503
The Shadow Comparison ..................................................................505
Two Out of Three Ain’t Bad........................................................................509
A Few Words About Polygon Offset ...........................................................510
Summary .....................................................................................................511
Contents xix