Ant权威指南：Java构建工具深度解析

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《Ant权威指南》是一本由Jesse Tilly和Eric Burke合著的经典中文书籍，专注于Apache Ant的深入介绍和最佳实践。Ant作为Java环境中的首要构建管理工具，是Jakarta项目的一部分，由Java编写的它具有平台独立性，通过XML配置实现了模块间的依赖管理和自动化构建流程。本书主要针对Ant 1.4.2版本进行编写，虽然版本已更新至1.8.3，但书中核心内容仍有很高的参考价值。第1章"Ant Jumpstart"引导读者快速入门，涵盖文件和目录的概念、Ant Buildfile的基本构成，如何运行Ant以及Ant命令行参考。这一章节适合初学者快速熟悉Ant的基础操作。第2章"Installation and Configuration"详细介绍了Ant的安装和配置过程，包括下载Ant的官方发行版，以及如何调整和定制Ant的工作环境以适应项目需求。第3章"深入解析Buildfile"着重探讨了为什么选择XML作为配置语言，因为其清晰的结构和可扩展性。Ant Building Blocks部分深入剖析了Ant的核心元素，如目标（target）、任务（task）、属性（attribute）等，以及它们在构建流程中的作用。随着项目的复杂性增加，第4章可能涉及Ant的高级特性，如使用Ant Tasks来扩展功能、自定义DataType处理复杂的构建逻辑，以及与持续集成工具如Jenkins的集成，这些是提升构建效率和自动化水平的关键。书中还强调了项目结构控制的重要性，结合作者的经验，读者可以学习到如何设计合理的构建文件，确保项目的可靠构建。此外，由于本书是基于较旧的Ant版本，对于1.5之后的特性和改进，读者可能需要额外查阅更新的文档或在线资源。《Ant权威指南》不仅是一本技术手册，也是一本实战指南，无论是初次接触Ant的开发者还是希望提升构建管理技能的资深程序员，都能从中获得宝贵的洞见和实践经验。尽管时代变迁，Ant的基础概念和原则依然适用，对于现代Java项目管理和自动化构建依然具有重要的参考价值。

Ant: The Definitive Guide

</target>

<target name="compile" depends="prepare"

description="Compiles all source code.">

</target>

<target name="jar" depends="compile"

description="Generates oreilly.jar in the 'dist' directory.">

<jar jarfile="${build.lib}/oreilly.jar"

basedir="${build.classes}"

excludes="**/*Test.class"/>

</target>

<target name="all" depends="clean,jar"

description="Cleans, compiles, then builds the JAR file."/>

</project>

XML Considerations

Ant buildfiles are XML files that can be created with any text editor. Keep the

following points in mind as you create your own buildfiles:

• The first line is the XML declaration. If present, it must be the very first line

in the XML file; no preceding blank lines are allowed. In fact, even a single

blank space before <?xml causes the XML parser to fail.

• XML is very picky about capitalization, quotes, and proper tag syntax. If any

of these items are incorrect, Ant fails because its underlying XML parser

fails.

Here is an example of an error that occurs if the </project> end tag is typed

incorrectly as </Project>:

Buildfile: build.xml

BUILD FAILED

C:\antbook\build.xml:41: Expected "</project>" to terminate

element starting on line 4.

Total time: 2 seconds

1.2.1 Buildfile Description

Our buildfile consists of several XML comments, the required <project> element, and many

properties, tasks, and targets. The <project> element establishes the working directory for

our project: ".". This is the directory containing the buildfile. It also specifies the default

target, which is "compile." The purpose of the default target will become apparent shortly

when we describe how to run Ant.

Ant: The Definitive Guide

The property definitions allow us to avoid hardcoding directory names throughout the

buildfile. These paths are always relative to the base directory specified by the <project>

element. For example, the following tag sets the name of our source directory:

Next, our buildfile defines several targets. Each target has a name, such as "prepare," "clean,"

or "compile." Developers interact with these when invoking Ant from the command line.

Each target defines zero or more dependencies, along with an optional description attribute.

Dependencies specify targets that Ant must execute first, before the target in question is

executed. For example, "prepare" must execute before "compile" does. The description

attribute provides a human-readable description of a target that Ant will display on command.

Within targets we have tasks, which do the actual work of the build. Ant 1.4.1 ships with over

100 core and optional tasks; you can find all of the tasks described in detail in Chapter 7 and

Chapter 8. These tasks perform functions ranging from creating directories to playing music

when the build finishes.

1.3 Running Ant

We are going to assume that Ant is installed properly. If you have any doubts on this point,

now is the time to read Chapter 2 and get everything up and running.

1.3.1 Examples

To execute the tasks in the default target, compile, type the following command from

the directory containing our sample build.xml file:

ant

Ant will open the default buildfile, which is build.xml, and execute that buildfile's default

target (which in our case is

compile). You should see the following output, assuming your

directory is called antbook:

Buildfile: build.xml

prepare:

[mkdir] Created dir: C:\antbook\build

[mkdir] Created dir: C:\antbook\build\classes

[mkdir] Created dir: C:\antbook\build\lib

compile:

[javac] Compiling 3 source files to C:\antbook\build\classes

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 5 seconds

As Ant runs, it displays the name of each target executed. As our example output shows, Ant

executes prepare followed by compile. This is because compile is the default target, which

See the sound task in Chapter 8.

Ant: The Definitive Guide

has a dependency on the prepare target. Ant prints the name of each task within brackets,

along with other messages unique to each task.

In our sample output, [javac] is the name of the Ant task, not necessarily

the name of the Java compiler. If you are using IBM's Jikes, for

instance, [javac] is still displayed because that is the Ant task that is

running Jikes behind the scenes.

When you invoke Ant without specifying a buildfile name, Ant searches for a file named

build.xml in the current working directory. You aren't limited to this default; you can use any

name you like for the buildfile. For example, if we call our buildfile proj.xml, we must type

this command, instead:

ant -buildfile proj.xml

We can also explicitly specify one or more targets to run. We can type ant clean to remove

all generated code, for instance. If our buildfile is called proj.xml, and we want to execute the

clean target, we type ant -buildfile proj.xml clean . Our output would look something

like this:

Buildfile: proj.xml

clean:

[delete] Deleting directory C:\antbook\build

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 2 seconds

We can also execute several targets with a single command:

ant clean jar

This invokes the clean target followed by the jar target. Because of the target dependencies

in our example buildfile, Ant executes the following targets in order: clean, prepare,

compile, jar. The all target takes advantage of these dependencies, allowing us to clean and

rebuild everything by typing

ant all :

<target name="all" depends="clean,jar"

description="Cleans, compiles, then builds the JAR file."/>

all

is dependent on clean and jar. jar, in turn, is dependent on compile, and compile is

dependent on prepare. The simple command ant all ends up executing all our targets, and in

the proper order.

1.3.2 Getting Help

You may have noticed that some of our targets include the description attribute, while

others do not. This is because Ant distinguishes between main targets and subtargets. Targets

containing descriptions are main targets, and those without are considered subtargets. Other

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