程序员视角：理解计算机系统，提升编程能力（第3版）

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"《计算机系统：程序员的视角》第三版（Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, 3rd Global Edition）是一本专为计算机科学和编程课程设计的教材。该书从程序员的角度出发，深入探讨了所有计算机系统共通的基本元素，并阐述它们如何影响应用程序的性能。作者Randal E. Bryant和David R. O'Hallaron以其丰富的经验和深厚的专业知识，为读者呈现了一个全面的编程入门指南。本书涵盖了计算机科学的核心主题，包括硬件架构、操作系统和系统软件。第三版在保持理论深度的同时，强调实践应用，使学生能够通过理解计算机系统的各个层面，如x86-64机器码执行环境，提升编写更高效、无误的程序能力，避免常见的编程陷阱。为了配合学习，建议学生拥有Linux系统的使用经验，并对C或C++语言有一定的基础。全球版的贡献者包括Manasa S.（来自NMAM Institute of Technology）、Mohit Tahiliani（National Institute of Technology Karnataka），这表明这本书不仅具有国际化的视野，而且吸收了不同地区教育机构的教学精华。编委会由Marcia J. Horton担任副总裁兼编辑总监，Matt Goldstein任执行编辑，Kelsey Loanes负责编辑助理工作，而Karthik Subramanian则负责全球版本的收购编辑。《计算机系统：程序员的视角》第三版在全球范围内发行，覆盖了众多城市，旨在为世界各地的学生提供最新、最实用的计算机系统知识。从基础概念到高级主题，如计算机体系结构、嵌入式系统和网络安全，本书为学生们开启了一扇通往计算机科学世界的大门，培养出能够应对各种挑战的全方位程序员。"

Contents 15

9.3 VM as a Tool for Caching 841

9.3.1 DRAM Cache Organization 842

9.3.2 Page Tables 842

9.3.3 Page Hits 844

9.3.4 Page Faults 844

9.3.5 Allocating Pages 846

9.3.6 Locality to the Rescue Again 846

9.4 VM as a Tool for Memory Management 847

9.5 VM as a Tool for Memory Protection 848

9.6 Address Translation 849

9.6.1 Integrating Caches and VM 853

9.6.2 Speeding Up Address Translation with a TLB 853

9.6.3 Multi-Level Page Tables 855

9.6.4 Putting It Together: End-to-End Address Translation 857

9.7 Case Study: The Intel Core i7/Linux Memory System 861

9.7.1 Core i7 Address Translation 862

9.7.2 Linux Virtual Memory System 864

9.8 Memory Mapping 869

9.8.1 Shared Objects Revisited 869

9.8.2 The

fork Function Revisited 872

9.8.3 The

execve Function Revisited 872

9.8.4 User-Level Memory Mapping with the

mmap Function 873

9.9 Dynamic Memory Allocation 875

9.9.1 The

malloc and free Functions 876

9.9.2 Why Dynamic Memory Allocation? 879

9.9.3 Allocator Requirements and Goals 880

9.9.4 Fragmentation 882

9.9.5 Implementation Issues 882

9.9.6 Implicit Free Lists 883

9.9.7 Placing Allocated Blocks 885

9.9.8 Splitting Free Blocks 885

9.9.9 Getting Additional Heap Memory 886

9.9.10 Coalescing Free Blocks 886

9.9.11 Coalescing with Boundary Tags 887

9.9.12 Putting It Together: Implementing a Simple Allocator 890

9.9.13 Explicit Free Lists 898

9.9.14 Segregated Free Lists 899

9.10 Garbage Collection 901

9.10.1 Garbage Collector Basics 902

9.10.2 Mark&Sweep Garbage Collectors 903

9.10.3 Conservative Mark&Sweep for C Programs 905

Preface

This book (known as CS:APP) is for computer scientists, computer engineers, and

others who want to be able to write better programs by learning what is going on

“under the hood” of a computer system.

Our aim is to explain the enduring concepts underlying all computer systems,

and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas affect the correctness, perfor-

mance, and utility of your application programs. Many systems books are written

from a builder’s perspective, describing how to implement the hardware or the sys-

tems software, including the operating system, compiler, and network interface.

This book is written from a programmer’s perspective, describing how application

programmers can use their knowledge of a system to write better programs. Of

course, learning what a system is supposed to do provides a good ﬁrst step in learn-

ing how to build one, so this book also serves as a valuable introduction to those

who go on to implement systems hardware and software. Most systems books also

tend to focus on just one aspect of the system, for example, the hardware archi-

tecture, the operating system, the compiler, or the network. This book spans all

of these aspects, with the unifying theme of a programmer’s perspective.

If you study and learn the concepts in this book, you will be on your way to

becoming the rare power programmer who knows how things work and how to

ﬁx them when they break. You will be able to write programs that make better

use of the capabilities provided by the operating system and systems software,

that operate correctly across a wide range of operating conditions and run-time

parameters, that run faster, and that avoid the ﬂaws that make programs vulner-

able to cyberattack. You will be prepared to delve deeper into advanced topics

such as compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, embedded systems,

networking, and cybersecurity.

Assumptions about the Reader’s Background

This book focuses on systems that execute x86-64 machine code. x86-64 is the latest

in an evolutionary path followed by Intel and its competitors that started with the

8086 microprocessor in 1978. Due to the naming conventions used by Intel for

its microprocessor line, this class of microprocessors is referred to colloquially as

“x86.” As semiconductor technology has evolved to allow more transistors to be

integrated onto a single chip, these processors have progressed greatly in their

computing power and their memory capacity. As part of this progression, they

have gone from operating on 16-bit words, to 32-bit words with the introduction

of IA32 processors, and most recently to 64-bit words with x86-64.

We consider how these machines execute C programs on Linux. Linux is one

of a number of operating systems having their heritage in the Unix operating

system developed originally by Bell Laboratories. Other members of this class

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程序员视角：理解计算机系统，提升编程能力（第3版）

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