C#3.0设计模式深入探索

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“C#设计模式，包括C#3.0版本的设计模式，是面向对象编程领域的重要知识。本文档可能是作者在网上搜集整理后的结果，旨在帮助读者理解和应用设计模式。内容可能涵盖C#3.0中的主要设计模式，并与其他微软.NET相关的技术资源相联系，如O'Reilly出版社的相关书籍、在线资源中心、技术论坛和专业会议。” 设计模式是软件开发中的通用解决方案，它们是经过时间和实践验证的最佳实践，可以帮助开发者解决常见的设计问题，提高代码的可读性、可维护性和复用性。C#3.0作为.NET框架的一个重要版本，引入了许多新特性，如匿名方法、lambda表达式和自动属性等，这些特性使得在C#中实现设计模式更加灵活和高效。在C#中，常见的设计模式可以分为三大类：创建型模式（如工厂模式、抽象工厂模式、单例模式、建造者模式和原型模式）、结构型模式（如适配器模式、装饰器模式、代理模式、桥接模式、组合模式、外观模式和享元模式）和行为型模式（如策略模式、模板方法模式、观察者模式、职责链模式、命令模式、解释器模式、迭代器模式、状态模式、访问者模式和备忘录模式）。每个模式都有其特定的适用场景和解决的问题。例如，工厂模式提供了一种创建对象的方式，避免了在代码中硬编码具体的类名，增加了代码的灵活性。单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例，并提供全局访问点。装饰器模式允许在运行时动态地给对象添加新的行为或责任，而不需要修改原有的类结构。观察者模式则定义了对象之间的一对多依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象都会得到通知并自动更新。 C#3.0的特性，如lambda表达式，使得实现函数式编程风格的策略模式变得更加简洁。同时，匿名类型和自动属性对于构建临时对象或轻量级对象非常有用，这与建造者模式的理念相吻合。此外，LINQ（Language Integrated Query）是C#3.0引入的一项重要特性，它在很多情况下可以被视为一种查询模式，简化了数据访问和处理。学习C#设计模式，不仅可以提升个人编程技能，还能帮助团队之间更好地沟通和协作。通过阅读O'Reilly等出版社的相关书籍，如《C#3.0 in a Nutshell》和《Head First Design Patterns》，可以深入理解设计模式的原理和应用场景。同时，访问.O'Reilly的.NET Books Resource Center和ODotnet.com可以获得更多的学习资料和社区讨论，参加O'Reilly组织的会议能与其他专业人士交流，获取最新的技术和行业动态。掌握C#设计模式是每个.NET开发者必备的技能之一，它不仅能够提升代码质量，也是进阶为高级开发者的必经之路。通过系统学习和实践，你可以更好地应对复杂软件开发挑战，写出更加优雅和健壮的代码。

Preface2

Why I Wrote This Book

In 2002, Microsoft Research hosted an international meeting in Cambridge, U.K., to

reveal its Rotor system, which would bring C# and .NET to non-Windows program-

mers. Once back home, writing software, papers, and a book on the topic, I came to

realize that we had witnessed the beginning of a real revolution in programming.

Since the advent of Java in 1996, programming had become platform-independent:

with Java byte-code, programs could run anywhere. This independence, however,

extended only to programs written in the Java language. .NET, on the other hand,

was language-independent: it allowed programs in different languages to interact,

but, up until that day, only on Windows.

In the ensuing five years, new platforms have come to support .NET (Mono, for

example) and new hardware has come to support Intel chips (on which Windows

runs). The result is that .NET now runs almost anywhere. Consequently, expertise in

C# programming is a very transportable skill to acquire. But C# keeps improving as

a language, and we are currently at the beginning of a new leap forward into C# 3.0,

which offers enormous benefits in terms of productivity and ease of programming.

Having already written an introductory C# text in 2003,

I realized that the benefits

of the new features announced now in 2007, four years later, would be felt at a much

more advanced level of software development. I wanted to write a second book that

introduced C# 3.0 to developers who already knew the basic language—but what

would be the formula that could introduce a language and address a reader’s needs

of precision, examples, and a heavy dose of reality?

Enter design patterns. Design patterns encapsulate common, accepted, and proven

ways of using language features together. They form a level of discourse at a higher

plane, and they exercise and promote good programming practices. However, there

is an element of unreality surrounding design patterns, and one gets the impression

* Judith Bishop and Nigel Horspool, C# Concisely (Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2003).

xvi

Preface

that they are more talked about than used. I wanted to change that and make design

patterns really accessible to ordinary programmers, using the best language for them:

C# 3.0. The result is this book.

Who This Book Is For

If you are a programmer who loves your code, for whom every line has a precise

meaning and every feature has a correct place, this book is for you. It will help you

with your primary job of making your code correct, elegant, extensible, and effi-

cient. If you serve the business ends of your organization by focusing on the quality

of your code, you need a book like C# 3.0 Design Patterns. Knowledge about design

patterns is also a big step forward for those working up from low-level programmers

to software engineers and architects.

Through reading this book, you will acquire skills in:

• Programming design patterns

• Basic UML modeling notation for representing patterns

• Selecting patterns appropriate for given scenarios and comparing alternative

implementations

• Using advanced language features of C# 3.0 to realize patterns efficiently and

elegantly

Although not written as a textbook, C# 3.0 Design Patterns could fit in very well for

a mid-degree course on design patterns or advanced programming.

The diagrams and code for all the patterns and associated examples and case studies

in this book can be found on the book’s web site, http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/

9780596527730.

What You Need to Know

This book is for programmers who know how to program in C# 1.0 or Java 1.4 and

who would like to move on to the more modern features of the latest language. All

the new features of C# 3.0, as well as many novel features from C# 2.0, are intro-

duced by example and summarized in sidebars for easy reference. Thus, the book

serves as a programmers’ guide as well.

The book does not assume any acquaintance with design patterns. It covers the full

set of 23 patterns that were originally proposed in Erich Gamma, Richard Helm,

Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides’s Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-

Oriented Software in 1994 and now form a common introductory base to the pat-

terns that are emerging in many other domains (such as security, concurrency, and

architectural design). At the end of the book, the reader will have a thorough

grounding in design patterns as they are commonly understood.

Preface

xvii

How This Book Is Organized

After the introduction in Chapter 1, the book takes a tour through the 23 core design

patterns. Each chapter discusses two or three patterns, chosen because they have

some common applicability and can be compared at the end of the chapter. The pat-

terns are subdivided into three groups: structural, creational, and behavioral.

We begin with the structural patterns, studying the Decorator, Proxy, and Bridge

patterns in Chapter 2; the Composite and Flyweight patterns in Chapter 3; and the

Adapter and Façade patterns in Chapter 4. We then move on to the creational pat-

terns, exploring the Prototype, Factory Method, and Singleton patterns in Chapter 5

and the Abstract Factory and Builder patterns in Chapter 6. The last four chapters

deal with the largest category, the behavioral patterns: Chapter 7 focuses on the

Strategy, State, and Template Method patterns; Chapter 8 on the Chain of Responsi-

bility and Command patterns; Chapter 9 on the Iterator, Mediator, and Observer

patterns; and Chapter 10 on the Visitor, Interpreter, and Memento patterns.

Our discussion of each pattern will consist of the following parts:

Role

A short, high-level description of the pattern and what it is meant to achieve

Illustration

An example of where the pattern might be used in programming a modern com-

puter system, illustrating a real-world context with a photo or diagram to help

you remember the pattern

Design

An identification of the interconnected players in the pattern and their roles,

explained in a UML diagram, with links back to the key players in the

illustration

Implementation

A stepwise refinement development of a short program that illustrates the pat-

tern using the terms introduced in the “Design” section

Example

A second program that gives an example of the pattern, usually in terms of the

illustrative example, where the programming moves away from a strict adher-

ence to the pattern terms

Use

A discussion of real-world scenarios where the pattern might be used, ending

with a table listing the conditions that would make its use applicable

Exercises

A list of exercises of differing degrees of difficulty designed to enhance your

understanding of the pattern under discussion

xviii

Preface

At the end of each chapter you will find a comparison of the patterns discussed

therein and a discussion of how they fit in with those that have gone before.

The ordering of the patterns has been carefully chosen so as to represent a gradual

progression in C# 3.0 maturity. Implementing the earlier patterns in each section

requires very little that is not available in C# 1.0, while the later patterns are more

sophisticated in their implementation and take advantage of more advanced features

present in C# 3.0. This approach allows new features to be introduced inline, as they

become relevant, rather than all at once at the start or end of the text.

This book is not intended to be a reference guide to the whole of C# or even C# 3.0,

but rather to be a practical guide to using the most interesting features of the lan-

guage. Although the emphasis is on developments in the most recent version, I also

pick out some features of C# 1.0 and 2.0 that I think are really useful but that are

not often employed in code. The list of C# features explicitly covered follows this

Preface.

Special features of this book include:

• Pictorial illustrations of patterns, to help you focus on the meaning of what each

pattern can accomplish in real life

• Quizzes that relate the illustrations to the UML diagrams

• Uncluttered “theory” code that can be adapted to many situations

• Tables that give guidance on when to choose a specific pattern

• Comparison tables for patterns that are similar, showing how they differ

• Lists of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each pattern

• Challenges and exercises to help you take your knowledge further

What You Need to Use This Book

To run the programs in this book, you need:

• A computer that will run Windows XP or Vista. Compatible platforms are any

PC or Intel-based Mac with a virtual machine.

• Microsoft’s .NET Framework 3.5. As of October 2007, this version is still in Beta

2, but it is very stable now. It is available at http://www.microsoft.com/downloads.

• A program editor or programming environment. Visual Studio 2008 is an ideal

companion to C# 3.0 programming, but it is not essential.

• The C# 3.0 reference documentation, available on the Microsoft web site (http://

msdn2.microsoft.com/vcsharp, 529 pages).

All the programs in this book were prepared on an iMac Intel Core 2 Duo running

Mac OS X 10.4 and 5 (Tiger and Leopard) and Windows XP on top of the Parallels

virtual machine. The editor used was SciTE.

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