分布式中间件：自配置无线传感器网络的关键技术

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"这篇研究论文探讨了一种分布式中间件，用于自配置的无线传感器网络，旨在解决异构性、移动性和资源限制问题，并提供对不同高层协议的适应性支持。作者包括来自天津大学、奥本大学和乔治亚州立大学的学者。" 在无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Networks, WSNs）的领域中，异构性、节点的移动性和有限的资源是主要挑战。这篇论文《一种分布式的自配置无线传感器网络中间件》着重于解决这些问题。中间件作为软件系统中的一个关键层次，它起到桥梁作用，连接底层硬件和上层应用，使得应用程序可以无视底层网络的复杂性，专注于自身功能的实现。论文中提到，传统的无线传感器网络开发需要开发者设计适应特定高层协议的低级系统细节，这不仅增加了开发难度，也限制了系统的可扩展性和互操作性。因此，作者们提出了一种分布式中间件解决方案，其目标是使网络能够自我配置，自动适应环境变化和资源需求，同时支持不同的高层协议，提高系统的兼容性和灵活性。分布式中间件的关键特性可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **自我配置能力**：网络节点能够根据环境条件和任务需求自动调整其配置，如通信协议、数据处理算法等，以优化网络性能和能源效率。 2. **动态适应性**：中间件应能适应节点的移动和加入/离开网络，确保网络的稳定性和连通性。 3. **资源管理**：有效管理和分配网络资源，包括能量、计算能力和存储空间，以延长网络寿命并提升服务质量。 4. **协议无关性**：通过抽象化底层网络接口，使得上层应用可以独立于具体的通信协议进行开发，增强系统的互操作性和可移植性。 5. **安全性**：在分布式环境中，确保数据传输的安全性和网络的抗攻击能力，防止未经授权的访问和数据泄露。 6. **容错机制**：当网络中出现故障或异常时，中间件应能检测并恢复，以维持网络的正常运行。这篇研究论文将深入探讨这些特性如何实现以及它们如何协同工作以构建一个高效的自配置无线传感器网络。通过这样的中间件，开发者可以更专注于应用程序的设计，而无需过多关注底层网络的细节，从而推动无线传感器网络技术的进步和广泛应用。

A distributed middleware for self-configurable wireless sensor networks 3

services are designed to simplify and facilitate the

application developments and to help the network adapt to

the dynamics with the consistency to existing network

programming paradigms.

As proposed in Intanagonwiwat et al. (2000) and

Intanagonwiwat et al. (2003), the directed diffusion is a

widely used distributed routing protocol for WSN. It makes

routing decisions according to the data requested. One of the

most significant issues of the directed diffusion protocol is

the packet flooding. The region filter developed in Ivester

and Lim (2006) is an improvement to the directed diffusion,

since it maintains message re-transmission mechanisms

within a specific region and filters out some traffic in the

networks.

The other important issue of directed diffusion is node

failure and mobility treatment. There are some mechanisms

responding to topology changes that are built in the directed

diffusion. When data stop arriving at one node due to its

upstream node going down or moving away, directed

diffusion will trigger the event of flooding similar interest

packets in the entire network. This basic form of

adaptability is adequate for simple query-response systems,

but not sufficient for complex applications due to long delay

required to find a replacement, network flooding, and the

undetermined physical location of the substitution.

Additionally, the task of reconfiguring the upstream nodes

will introduce extra overhead when adapt to directed

diffusion changes at the upper layer. This can not be

effectively achieved.

This research involves two previous researches. The

distributed services middleware layer (Lim, 2001, 2002),

which proposed only the main idea of distributed services,

but not implementation details of each service. The directed

diffusion routing protocol (Intanagonwiwat et al., 2000,

2003) is the other work involved. The following goals are to

be achieved in the research:

• to design and implement application programming

interface (APIs) for the distributed composition service,

which is the most important component of the

distributed services

• to maintain the normal networking functionalities under

abnormal networking conditions with the help of

distributed services

• to achieve the design principles of WSN middleware

(Radhika and Malarvizhi, 2012), data-centric, dynamic

adaptive, user-transparent, scalability, and energy-

efficient.

In general, the major contributions of this research work can

be summarised as follows: firstly, abstracting lower-level

functionalities, providing a coordination interface to the

applications, and making the heterogeneous WSN

development simple and efficient; secondly, designing and

implementing the API based on the unique features of

WSN, such as resource constraints, complex link quality,

dynamic topology and scalability, tackling these special

issues of WSN. These solutions are evaluated by the ISEE,

a self-developed testing environment and they are

outperformed compared with directed diffusion. Finally, this

research is the preparation for the target tracking application

under the real-world scenarios.

The remaining of the paper is organised as follows:

Section 2 presents some technologies related to the

distributed composition service. Section 3 discusses the

architecture of the composition service with its APIs.

The real implementation is demonstrated in Section 4.

The performance is evaluated in Section 5. Section 6 draws

the conclusion by summarising the research work.

2 Related work

2.1 Directed diffusion

As proposed in Intanagonwiwat et al. (2000, 2003), the

directed diffusion is a distributed routing protocol with

routing decisions made according to the data requested. The

directed diffusion has some creative features including

data-centric dissemination, reinforcement-based adaptation

to the empirically best path, in-network data aggregation

and caching.

Directed diffusion uses both positive

reinforcement and negative reinforcement, which sends data

to the lower delay neighbouring node with a higher data rate

and to the higher delay neighbouring nodes with lower data

rate. Through this method, directed diffusion inhibits nodes

on the long delay path from packet forwarding. The directed

diffusion offers accessibility to the diffusion core

behaviours through publish and subscribe APIs. Though

some mechanisms reacting to the dynamic topology changes

are built in the directed diffusion, there is still a long

recovery delay and network traffic generated at the time.

Thus, there is much work to be done to improve its

performance regarding to the time-sensitive and resource-

constrained WSN applications.

2.2 Middleware for WSN

Software development for WSN requires novel

programming paradigms and technologies. Conventional

principles of communication are mostly inapplicable due to

dynamic topology changes and the need for cooperative

task processing in WSN (Hadim and Mohamed, 2006a,

2006b; Radhika and Malarvizhi, 2012). As addressed

by Laukkarinen et al. (2011, 2012) and Mohamed and

Al-Jaroodi (2011), introducing distributed middleware to

the WSN application development has become a

breakthrough in the WSN development, which brings

adaptability, simplicity, and efficiency to this field. In the

WSN development, the distributed middleware refers to two

aspects: WSN application on one hand and the distributed

application which interacts over the network on the other

hand. Primary objective of the middleware layer is to hide

the complexity of the network environment by isolating the

application from protocol handling, memory management,

network functionality, and parallelism. The benefits of

adopting middleware to the WSN implementations can be

summarised as follows:

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分布式中间件：自配置无线传感器网络的关键技术

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