"使用Fortran 95/2003/2008进行编程和问题解决的简介"

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Chapter 2 ► Computer Organization

2.2 Compiler

Programs can be written in the Fortran programming language. However, the CPU does not read

Fortran directly. Instead, the Fortran program that we create will be converted into binary (1's and 0's)

by the compiler. These 1's and 0's are typically referred to as machine language. The CPU will read

the instructions and information, represented in binary as machine language, and perform the

commands from the program.

The compiler is a program itself and is required in order to create the files needed to execute programs

written in Fortran 95/2003/2008.

2.3 Information Representation

All information, including numbers, characters, and instructions are represented in the computer in

binary (1's and 0's). The information, numbers in this example, is converted into binary representation

(1's and 0's) for storage in the computer. Fortunately, this is generally done transparently.

2.3.1 Decimal Numbers

Before discussing binary numbers, a brief review of the decimal system is presented. The number

"1234" as,

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

1000 100 10 1

1 2 3 4

Which means,

1234 = 1×1000  2×100  3×10  4×1

1234 = 1×10

 2×10

 3×10

 4×10

The decimal system is base 10 using the digits 0 through 9.

Illustration 2: Fortran 95/2003/2008 Compile Process

Fortran Compiler Executable

95/2003/2008 File

Program

3 Getting Started

This section provides a brief overview of how to get started. This includes the general process for

creating a very simple program, compiling, and executing the program. Some detailed steps regarding

working with files, obtaining the compiler, and compiling a program are included in Appendix B,

Windows Start-up Instructions.

3.1 Required Skills

Before starting, you should have some basic computer skills, including the following:

● Ability to use a web browser

● Basic understanding of hierarchical computer directory structure

● File manipulation (create, delete, rename, move, etc.)

● Usage of the command prompt (Windows) or terminal interface (Unix, MAC)

● Ability to edit a text file

○ Includes selecting and learning a text editor (i.e., Notepad, Notepad++, emacs, etc.)

If you are unsure about any of these requirements you will need to learn them before continuing.

Fortunately, they are not difficult. Additionally, there are numerous tutorials available on the Web.

The following sections assume that the Fortran 95/2003/2008 compiler is installed and available. For

additional information regarding obtaining and installing the compiler, refer to Appendix B. The

Fortran 95/2003/2008 compiler is available for download at no cost.

3.2 Program Formats

Fortran 95/2003/2008 programs must be written and formatted in a specific manner. The following

sections summarize the basic program elements followed by a simple example.

3.2.1 Program Statement

A Fortran 95/2003/2008 program is started with a program statement, 'program <name>', and ended

with an end program statement, 'end program <name>'. Refer to the example first program to see

an example of these statements. The program name for <name> is chosen by the program author and

would typically reflect something related to what the program does.

The name used may not be used again for other program elements (such as variables described in the

next chapter). The program name must start with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, or an

underscore (“_”) and may not be longer than 32 characters. Capital letters are treated the same way as

lower-case letters. Refer to the sample program in the following sections for an example.

Chapter 3 ► Getting Started

3.2.2 Comments

Comments are information for the programmer and are not read by the computer. For example,

comments typically include information about the program. For programming assignments, the

comments should include the programmer name, assignment number, and a brief description of the

program. In Fortran, the exclamation mark (!) denotes a comment. Any characters after the

exclamation mark (!) are ignored by the compiler and thus are comments as shown in following

example.

3.2.3 Simple Output

A program can display a simple message to the screen by using the write statement. For example:

write (*,*) "Hello World"

Will display the message Hello World to the screen. Additional information regarding the write

statement and outputting information is provided in later chapters.

3.2.4 Example – First Program

The following trivial program illustrates the initial formatting requirements.

! Simple Example Program

program first

write (*,*) "Hello World."

end program first

In this example, the program is named 'first'. This file, provided as input to the compiler, is typically

referred to as the source file.

3.3 Text Editor

The first step is to create a text file named hw.f95 using a text editor. It is useful to place programs

and various files into a working directory. This way the files can be easily found and not confused with

other, unrelated files and data. The hw.f95 file should be created and placed in a user created

working directory. For this example, a working directory named 'fortran' was created and the file is

then created and edited in that location.

A file name is typically comprised of two parts; a name and an extension. In this example, the file

name is hw and the extension is .f95. The usual extension for this and future programs will be .f95

which indicates that the file is a Fortran 95/2003/2008 source file.

The following examples will use the hw.f95 file name. If desired, a different file name may be used.

However, the name will need to be adjusted for the compiler and execute steps in the following

sections.

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