强化学习中的随机优化策略与凸对偶理论

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本资源是一份名为《IE598NH-lecture-24-Stochastic Optimization for Reinforcement Learning》的讲义,由Gao Tang和Zihao Yang在2020年4月编写。主要内容涵盖了强化学习(Reinforcement Learning, RL)中的一个重要主题——随机优化。讲义分为四个部分: 1. **Reinforcement Learning (RL)**:首先介绍了强化学习的基本概念,它涉及在一个未知的马尔可夫决策过程(Markov Decision Process, MDP)中,目标是寻找最优策略π,最大化累积奖励。由于环境动态通常不可知,我们只能通过采样轨迹来与之交互。强化学习问题可以通过动态规划或线性规划方法求解。 2. **Convex Duality**:这部分探讨了在强化学习中的凸优化和对偶性理论,这对于理解和解决某些RL问题至关重要。通过将优化问题转化为等价的凸形式,可以利用已有的优化工具进行分析和求解。 3. **Learning from Conditional Distribution**:此章节可能讨论如何利用条件概率分布进行学习,这可能是通过贝叶斯更新或其他基于概率的策略,以便更好地处理不确定性并估计环境的状态和动作的影响。 4. **RL via Fenchel-Rockafellar Duality**:最后,Fenchel-Rockafellar对偶性在RL中的应用被深入研究。这是一种将优化问题转换成更容易处理的形式的方法,有助于在非凸情况下找到近似最优解或者提供有用的理论指导。 整个讲义旨在通过这些理论工具,深化对强化学习中随机优化的理解,特别关注如何在面对复杂环境和不确定性时有效地进行策略评估和优化。这份资料对于那些对RL算法的数学基础和理论背景感兴趣的学生和研究人员来说,具有很高的价值。

补全以下代码private String cid;// Course id, e.g., CS110. private String name;// Course name, e.g., Introduce to Java Programming. private Integer credit;// Credit of this course private GradingSchema gradingSchema; //Grading schema of this course // enum GradingSchema{FIVE_LEVEL, PASS_FAIL} private Integer capacity;// Course capacity. private Integer leftCapacity;// Course capacity left. You should update the left capacity when enrolling students. private Set<Timeslot> timeslots;// One course may have one or more timeslots. e.g., a lecture in Monday's 10:20-12:10, and a lab in Tuesday's 14:00-15:50. public Course(String cid, String name, Integer credit, GradingSchema gradingSchema, Integer capacity) // constructor public void addTimeslot(Timeslot timeslot) //Record a timeslot for this course private Integer id;// A unique student id, should be an 8-digit integer: Undergraduates' ids should start with 1; Postgraduates' ids should start with 3. e.g., 12213199. private String name;// Student’s name private Map<Course, Grade> courses;// Enrolled courses, using Map structure to store course and its grade as a pair. Grade is an enum type enum Grade{PASS,FAIL,A,B,C,D,F}with an attribute: Double gradePoint protected Student(Integer id, String name) // constructor public abstract boolean canGraduate() // Checks if this student satisfies all the graduating conditions. Hint: you are allowed to change this abstract method into non-abstract to check if the student satisfies the common graduation conditions. public void enroll(Course course) // Tries to enroll the course, do some checks before enrolling. public void recordGrade(Course course, Grade grade)// Records the grade of a course that is current learning. public double getGpa() // Calculates the GPA for this student. public UndergraduateStudent(Integer id, String name)// constructor public boolean canGraduate() //Additional graduating conditions for undergraduate students public PostgraduateStudent(Integer id, String name)// constructor public boolean canGraduate() //Additional graduating conditions for postgraduate students

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