MATLAB：技术计算的语言与开发指南

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Matlab,全称为MATLAB The Language of Technical Computing，是一款专为数值计算、数据可视化和算法开发设计的强大工具。它提供了高级编程环境，支持矩阵运算和符号计算，是工程、科学和技术领域广泛应用的软件。Matlab Version 7（可能指的是早期的一个版本）是该语言的一个里程碑，强调了其在技术计算中的核心地位。 Matlab的核心编程语言允许用户编写高效且简洁的代码，特别适合处理各种数学问题，如线性代数、信号处理、图像处理以及控制系统设计等。它拥有丰富的内置函数库，使得复杂的数学操作变得相对容易。此外，Matlab还支持图形用户界面（GUI）开发，便于创建交互式应用。联系MathWorks的方式多种多样，包括官方网站www.mathworks.com，提供了在线帮助、产品支持、技术咨询、文档错误报告以及销售信息等服务。用户可以通过电子邮件support@mathworks.com寻求技术支持，通过suggest@mathworks.com提供产品改进建议，报告bug则发送至bugs@mathworks.com。文档错误可以直接发送到doc@mathworks.com，对于订单状态、许可证更新或密码请求，可以联系info@mathworks.com。电话支持是508-647-7000，传真号码是508-647-7001。公司地址位于美国马萨诸塞州纳蒂克市。值得注意的是，使用Matlab的软件必须遵循版权协议，任何复制或复制部分内容的行为都需要得到The MathWorks, Inc. 的书面许可。对于联邦政府机构的采购，此文档中的规定同样适用。 Matlab作为一门技术计算语言，不仅具有强大的数值计算功能，还提供了一套完整的开发工具集，使得科研人员和工程师能够快速实现复杂问题的解决方案。同时，MathWorks提供的全方位支持和服务确保了用户在使用过程中遇到问题能得到及时的帮助和解决。

xiv Contents

Object Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-65

Specifying Precedence of User-Defined Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-66

How MATLAB Determines Which Method to Call . . . . . . . 8-67

Selecting a Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-67

Querying Which Method MATLAB Will Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-70

Scheduling Program Execution with Timers

Using a MATLAB Timer Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Example: Displaying a Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

Creating Timer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

Timer Object Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Working with Timer Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

Retrieving the Value of Timer Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

Setting the Value of Timer Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7

Starting and Stopping Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

Starting a Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

Starting a Timer at a Specified Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10

Stopping Timer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10

Blocking the MATLAB Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11

Creating and Executing Callback Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Associating Commands with Timer Object Events . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Creating Callback Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

Specifying the Value of Callback Function Properties . . . . . . 9-16

Timer Object Execution Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

Executing a Timer Callback Function Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

Executing a Timer Callback Function Multiple Times . . . . . . 9-19

Handling Callback Function Queuing Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20

Deleting Timer Objects from Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22

Testing the Validity of a Timer Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22

Deleting All Existing Timer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22

Finding All Timer Objects in Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23

Finding Invisible Timer Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23

Improving Performance and Memory Usage

Analyzing Your Program’s Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

The M-File Profiler Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

Stopwatch Timer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

Techniques for Improving Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

Vectorizing Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4

Preallocating Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7

Coding Loops in a MEX-File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

Assigning to Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

Operating on Real Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Using Appropriate Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Overloading Built-In Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Functions Are Generally Faster Than Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Load and Save Are Faster Than File I/O Functions . . . . . . . 10-11

Avoid Large Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Using Memory Efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12

Memory Allocation for Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12

Data Structures and Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17

Memory Management Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18

Strategies for Efficient Use of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18

Resolving “Out of Memory” Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

General Suggestions for Reclaiming Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

Compressing Data in Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

xvi Contents

Increasing System Swap Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22

Freeing Up System Resources on Windows Systems . . . . . . . 10-23

Reloading Variables on UNIX Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23

Programming Tips

Command and Function Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Syntax Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Command and Function Syntaxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Command Line Continuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

Completing Commands Using the Tab Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4

Recalling Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4

Clearing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5

Suppressing Output to the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5

Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6

Using the Help Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6

Help on Functions from the Help Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

Help on Functions from the Command Window . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

Topical Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

Paged Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

Writing Your Own Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

Help for Subfunctions and Private Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

Help for Methods and Overloaded Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

Development Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

Workspace Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

Using the Find and Replace Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

Commenting Out a Block of Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

Creating M-Files from Command History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

Editing M-Files in EMACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

M-File Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12

M-File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12

Using Lowercase for Function Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12

Getting a Function’s Name and Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

xvii

What M-Files Does a Function Use? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

Dependent Functions, Built-Ins, Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

Function Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

Getting the Input and Output Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

Variable Numbers of Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

String or Numeric Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

Passing Arguments in a Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

Passing Arguments in a Cell Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

Program Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16

Planning the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16

Using Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16

Selecting the Right Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16

General Coding Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17

Naming a Function Uniquely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17

The Importance of Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17

Coding in Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18

Making Modifications in Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18

Functions with One Calling Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18

Testing the Final Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18

Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19

The MATLAB Debug Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19

More Debug Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19

The MATLAB Graphical Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20

A Quick Way to Examine Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20

Setting Breakpoints from the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

Finding Line Numbers to Set Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

Stopping Execution on an Error or Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

Locating an Error from the Error Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21

Using Warnings to Help Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22

Making Code Execution Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22

Debugging Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22

Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23

Rules for Variable Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23

Making Sure Variable Names Are Valid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23

Don’t Use Function Names for Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24

Checking for Reserved Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24

xviii Contents

Avoid Using i and j for Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24

Avoid Overwriting Variables in Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25

Persistent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25

Protecting Persistent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-25

Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27

Creating Strings with Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27

Comparing Methods of Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-27

Store Arrays of Strings in a Cell Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-28

Converting Between Strings and Cell Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-28

Search and Replace Using Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . 11-29

Evaluating Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30

Find Alternatives to Using eval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30

Assigning to a Series of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-30

Short-Circuit Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31

Changing the Counter Variable within a for Loop . . . . . . . . . 11-31

MATLAB Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-32

Precedence Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-32

File Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33

Adding a Directory to the Search Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33

Handles to Functions Not on the Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-34

Making Toolbox File Changes Visible to MATLAB . . . . . . . . 11-34

Making Nontoolbox File Changes Visible to MATLAB . . . . . 11-35

Change Notification on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-35

Program Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36

Using break, continue, and return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36

Using switch Versus if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-37

MATLAB case Evaluates Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-37

Multiple Conditions in a case Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-37

Implicit Break in switch-case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-38

Variable Scope in a switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-38

Catching Errors with try-catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-38

Nested try-catch Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-39

Forcing an Early Return from a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-39

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